Topic
I.	Overview

A.	One definition of a computer: a device which takes in data in one form, uses it, and produces a different form of information which is related to (but not the same as) the original data

1.	Many devices qualify as a computer under this definition, including human beings and stonehenge

2.	In this course, the word computer refers to electronic, digital (symbolic), general purpose computers

B.	Applications - the only reason we need computer...


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1.	Many devices qualify as a computer under this definition, including human beings and stonehenge

2.	In this course, the word computer refers to electronic, digital (symbolic), general purpose computers


Topic
I.	Overview

C.	Basic functions - input, output, process, and memory

1.	Hardware

a)	The physical devices which carry out the four functions

2.	Software...


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The physical devices which carry out the four functions


Topic
I.	Overview

C.	Basic functions - input, output, process, and memory

1.	Hardware...

2.	Software

a)	The instructions stored in memory to direct the processing

D.	People that work with computers...


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The instructions stored in memory to direct the processing


Topic
I.	Overview

B.	Applications - the only reason we need computer...

C.	Basic functions - input, output, process, and memory

1.	Hardware

2.	Software

D.	People that work with computers...


Topic
I.	Overview

D.	People that work with computers

1.	Users

a)	Naive user

(1)	Follows lists of precise directions for accomplishing certain tasks

b)	Application expert...


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Follows lists of precise directions for accomplishing certain tasks


Topic
I.	Overview

D.	People that work with computers

1.	Users

a)	Naive user...

b)	Application expert

(1)	Knows the functions of the system and uses them as the need arises

c)	Power user...


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Knows the functions of the system and uses them as the need arises


Topic
I.	Overview

D.	People that work with computers

1.	Users

b)	Application expert...

c)	Power user

(1)	Can adapt or configure a computer system to meet unanticipated needs

2.	Programmer...


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Can adapt or configure a computer system to meet unanticipated needs


Topic
I.	Overview

D.	People that work with computers

1.	Users

a)	Naive user

b)	Application expert

c)	Power user

2.	Programmer...


Topic
I.	Overview

D.	People that work with computers

1.	Users...

2.	Programmer

a)	Application

b)	Systems

3.	Systems analyst...


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a)	Application

b)	Systems


Topic
I.	Overview

C.	Basic functions - input, output, process, and m...

D.	People that work with computers

1.	Users

2.	Programmer

3.	Systems analyst

4.	Programmers and systems analysts are known as users when they are using computers to do their own work.

II.	Categories of Software


Topic
I.	Overview

C.	Basic functions - input, output, process, and m...

D.	People that work with computers

2.	Programmer...

3.	Systems analyst

(No Subheadings)

4.	Programmers and systems analysts are known as users when they are using computers to do their own work.

II.	Categories of Software


Topic
I.	Overview

C.	Basic functions - input, output, process, and m...

D.	People that work with computers

3.	Systems analyst...

4.	Programmers and systems analysts are known as users when they are using computers to do their own work.

(No Subheadings)

II.	Categories of Software


Topic
I.	Overview

A.	One definition of a computer: a device which takes in data in one form, uses it, and produces a different form of information which is related to (but not the same as) the original data

B.	Applications - the only reason we need computers

C.	Basic functions - input, output, process, and memory

D.	People that work with computers

II.	Categories of Software


Topic
I.	Overview

A.	One definition of a computer: a device which ta...

B.	Applications - the only reason we need computers

(No Subheadings)

C.	Basic functions - input, output, process, and memory

D.	People that work with computers

II.	Categories of Software


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

A.	System Software

2.	Examples:

b)	Operating System...

c)	Utility Software

(1)	Backup

(2)	Database file manager

d)	Language translators...


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(1)	Backup

(2)	Database file manager


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

A.	System Software

1.	Definition:  Software that supports application...

2.	Examples:

a)	Bootstrap Loader

b)	Operating System

c)	Utility Software

d)	Language translators

3.	Language translators are optional, but allow yo...


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

A.	System Software

1.	Definition:  Software that supports application...

2.	Examples:

a)	Bootstrap Loader...

b)	Operating System

(No Subheadings)

c)	Utility Software

d)	Language translators

3.	Language translators are optional, but allow yo...


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

A.	System Software

1.	Definition:  Software that supports application...

2.	Examples:

c)	Utility Software...

d)	Language translators

(No Subheadings)

3.	Language translators are optional, but allow yo...


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

A.	System Software

1.	Definition:  Software that supports application software but does not implement an application in and of itself

2.	Examples:

3.	Language translators are optional, but allow you to program new applications from scratch

B.	Applications Software...


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

A.	System Software

1.	Definition:  Software that supports application software but does not implement an application in and of itself

(No Subheadings)

2.	Examples:

3.	Language translators are optional, but allow you to program new applications from scratch

B.	Applications Software...


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

A.	System Software

2.	Examples:...

3.	Language translators are optional, but allow you to program new applications from scratch

(No Subheadings)

B.	Applications Software...


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

2.	General software

a)	Many endeavors have similar kinds of tasks, so ...

b)	Examples:

(1)	Word processing

(2)	Spreadsheet

(3)	Database

c)	Because the software is general, it must be ada...


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(1)	Word processing

(2)	Spreadsheet

(3)	Database


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

2.	General software

b)	Examples:...

c)	Because the software is general, it must be adapted to the specific endeavor.  Examples:

(1)	In word processing, you may need to change the margins or line spacing

(2)	In a spreadsheet, you need to specify formulas to be computed

(3)	In a database, you have to define files to store the attributes and relationships of the specific endeavors entities

d)	Advantages...


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(1)	In word processing, you may need to change the margins or line spacing

(2)	In a spreadsheet, you need to specify formulas to be computed

(3)	In a database, you have to define files to store the attributes and relationships of the specific endeavors entities


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

2.	General software

c)	Because the software is general, it must be ada...

d)	Advantages

(1)	In some cases (esp. word processing) the needed adaptation may be very minor

(2)	A power user (not necessarily a programmer) can adapt general software and create new generic or custom software, usually in much less time than using only system software to build application software by writing in a procedural programming language

(3)	The software is inexpensive because it is amortized over a large market

e)	Disadvantages...


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(1)	In some cases (esp. word processing) the needed adaptation may be very minor

(2)	A power user (not necessarily a programmer) can adapt general software and create new generic or custom software, usually in much less time than using only system software to build application software by writing in a procedural programming language

(3)	The software is inexpensive because it is amortized over a large market


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

2.	General software

d)	Advantages...

e)	Disadvantages

(1)	You must have a power user to adapt it significantly

(2)	The quality will vary depending on the skills and training of the power user and the time they are allowed

3.	Generic software...


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(1)	You must have a power user to adapt it significantly

(2)	The quality will vary depending on the skills and training of the power user and the time they are allowed


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

1.	Definition:  Software that is applied in accomp...

2.	General software

a)	Many endeavors have similar kinds of tasks, so software has been developed for several specific tasks

b)	Examples:

c)	Because the software is general, it must be adapted to the specific endeavor.  Examples:

d)	Advantages

e)	Disadvantages

3.	Generic software...


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

1.	Definition:  Software that is applied in accomp...

2.	General software

a)	Many endeavors have similar kinds of tasks, so software has been developed for several specific tasks

(No Subheadings)

b)	Examples:

c)	Because the software is general, it must be adapted to the specific endeavor.  Examples:

d)	Advantages

e)	Disadvantages

3.	Generic software...


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

3.	Generic software

a)	Written for a kind of endeavor...

b)	Examples:

(1)	Software for a doctors office

(2)	Software for a mail order company

(3)	Software for a pharmacy

c)	To install generic software for a particular in...


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(1)	Software for a doctors office

(2)	Software for a mail order company

(3)	Software for a pharmacy


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

3.	Generic software

c)	To install generic software for a particular in...

d)	Advantages

(1)	High quality

(2)	Moderate cost

e)	Disadvantage...


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(1)	High quality

(2)	Moderate cost


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

3.	Generic software

d)	Advantages...

e)	Disadvantage

(1)	There may not be a combination of parameters that make the system behave exactly the way it should for your particular endeavor

4.	Custom software...


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There may not be a combination of parameters that make the system behave exactly the way it should for your particular endeavor


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

2.	General software...

3.	Generic software

a)	Written for a kind of endeavor

b)	Examples:

c)	To install generic software for a particular instance, a series of parameters must usually be set to control how certain situations are to be handled

d)	Advantages

e)	Disadvantage

4.	Custom software...


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

2.	General software...

3.	Generic software

a)	Written for a kind of endeavor

(No Subheadings)

b)	Examples:

c)	To install generic software for a particular instance, a series of parameters must usually be set to control how certain situations are to be handled

d)	Advantages

e)	Disadvantage

4.	Custom software...


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

2.	General software...

3.	Generic software

b)	Examples:...

c)	To install generic software for a particular instance, a series of parameters must usually be set to control how certain situations are to be handled

(No Subheadings)

d)	Advantages

e)	Disadvantage

4.	Custom software...


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

4.	Custom software

a)	Written for specific instance of an endeavor...

b)	Example:

(1)	Software for keeping track of continuing education classes, instructors, and students for the Ohio Chapter of the National Association of Social Workers

c)	Advantage...


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Software for keeping track of continuing education classes, instructors, and students for the Ohio Chapter of the National Association of Social Workers


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

4.	Custom software

b)	Example:...

c)	Advantage

(1)	It can do whatever is needed

d)	Disadvantage...


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It can do whatever is needed


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

4.	Custom software

c)	Advantage...

d)	Disadvantage

(1)	Potential high cost because the expense must be borne by the one specific endeavor

III.	Symbolic Representation


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Potential high cost because the expense must be borne by the one specific endeavor


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

3.	Generic software...

4.	Custom software

a)	Written for specific instance of an endeavor

b)	Example:

c)	Advantage

d)	Disadvantage

III.	Symbolic Representation


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

B.	Applications Software

3.	Generic software...

4.	Custom software

a)	Written for specific instance of an endeavor

(No Subheadings)

b)	Example:

c)	Advantage

d)	Disadvantage

III.	Symbolic Representation


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

A.	System Software...

B.	Applications Software

1.	Definition:  Software that is applied in accomplishing a task needed by an endeavor

2.	General software

3.	Generic software

4.	Custom software

III.	Symbolic Representation


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

A.	System Software...

B.	Applications Software

1.	Definition:  Software that is applied in accomplishing a task needed by an endeavor

(No Subheadings)

2.	General software

3.	Generic software

4.	Custom software

III.	Symbolic Representation


Topic
II.	Categories of Software

A.	System Software

B.	Applications Software

III.	Symbolic Representation


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

A.	Part of being human

1.	In fact, symbolic representation is associated with God in the Christian tradition.  Quoting The Gospel of John from The New Testament in Modern English translated by J.B. Phillips:

a)	1.I At the beginning God expressed himself.  That personal expression, the word, was with God and was God, and he existed with God from the beginning.

B.	Some things (symbols) stand for (represent) oth...


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1.I At the beginning God expressed himself.  That personal expression, the word, was with God and was God, and he existed with God from the beginning.


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

A.	Part of being human

1.	In fact, symbolic representation is associated with God in the Christian tradition.  Quoting The Gospel of John from The New Testament in Modern English translated by J.B. Phillips:

B.	Some things (symbols) stand for (represent) oth...


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

A.	Part of being human...

B.	Some things (symbols) stand for (represent) other things.

1.	The symbols themselves are called data.

2.	Data that is understood is called information.

C.	A particular scheme for symbolically representi...


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1.	The symbols themselves are called data.

2.	Data that is understood is called information.


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

B.	Some things (symbols) stand for (represent) oth...

C.	A particular scheme for symbolically representing something is called a language

1.	Example: in the English language, sounds (words) are symbols that can represent almost anything imaginable.

D.	Why language is useful...


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Example: in the English language, sounds (words) are symbols that can represent almost anything imaginable.


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

D.	Why language is useful

1.	Language is used to symbolically represent the ...

2.	Symbols allow us to form abstractions

a)	The language of mathematics is a powerful form of abstraction

3.	If only understood by one entity, a language co...


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The language of mathematics is a powerful form of abstraction


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

D.	Why language is useful

2.	Symbols allow us to form abstractions...

3.	If only understood by one entity, a language could be used to record and later recall a fact.

a)	This is like writing yourself a note.

4.	If the same language is known to at least two e...


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This is like writing yourself a note.


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

D.	Why language is useful

3.	If only understood by one entity, a language co...

4.	If the same language is known to at least two entities, it can be used to exchange information.

a)	A third party that does not understand a particular language can carry around a message in the hopes that someday an entity that understands the language will arrive on the scene.

5.	It is possible to translate from one language t...


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A third party that does not understand a particular language can carry around a message in the hopes that someday an entity that understands the language will arrive on the scene.


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

D.	Why language is useful

4.	If the same language is known to at least two e...

5.	It is possible to translate from one language to another (if an entity knows two languages), but something may get lost in the translation.

a)	The two languages may not have the same expressive power.

E.	Machines that manipulate symbols rather than th...


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The two languages may not have the same expressive power.


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

C.	A particular scheme for symbolically representi...

D.	Why language is useful

1.	Language is used to symbolically represent the objects and actions in our world (real or imaginary)

2.	Symbols allow us to form abstractions

3.	If only understood by one entity, a language could be used to record and later recall a fact.

4.	If the same language is known to at least two entities, it can be used to exchange information.

5.	It is possible to translate from one language to another (if an entity knows two languages), but something may get lost in the translation.

E.	Machines that manipulate symbols rather than th...


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

C.	A particular scheme for symbolically representi...

D.	Why language is useful

1.	Language is used to symbolically represent the objects and actions in our world (real or imaginary)

(No Subheadings)

2.	Symbols allow us to form abstractions

3.	If only understood by one entity, a language could be used to record and later recall a fact.

4.	If the same language is known to at least two entities, it can be used to exchange information.

5.	It is possible to translate from one language to another (if an entity knows two languages), but something may get lost in the translation.

E.	Machines that manipulate symbols rather than th...


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

E.	Machines that manipulate symbols rather than the physical objects are intriguing because they are somehow more human-like than previous machines

3.	Computers process symbolic information (language)

a)	Yields human-like qualities

(1)	However, they often resemble an idiot-savant

b)	There is no universal symbolic representation -...


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However, they often resemble an idiot-savant


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

E.	Machines that manipulate symbols rather than the physical objects are intriguing because they are somehow more human-like than previous machines

3.	Computers process symbolic information (language)

a)	Yields human-like qualities...

b)	There is no universal symbolic representation - each application may have its own symbolism (abstractions)

(1)	The symbols (words) are made up of a common alphabet (0s and 1s)

(2)	The words typically have less in common than do Chinese and English

c)	Algorithms: Codified transformations from data ...


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(1)	The symbols (words) are made up of a common alphabet (0s and 1s)

(2)	The words typically have less in common than do Chinese and English


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

E.	Machines that manipulate symbols rather than the physical objects are intriguing because they are somehow more human-like than previous machines

3.	Computers process symbolic information (language)

b)	There is no universal symbolic representation -...

c)	Algorithms: Codified transformations from data to information

(1)	An algorithm gives meaning to data written in a particular language

F.	Computer systems have many languages...


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An algorithm gives meaning to data written in a particular language


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

E.	Machines that manipulate symbols rather than the physical objects are intriguing because they are somehow more human-like than previous machines

2.	The human-like qualities of computers were pick...

3.	Computers process symbolic information (language)

a)	Yields human-like qualities

b)	There is no universal symbolic representation - each application may have its own symbolism (abstractions)

c)	Algorithms: Codified transformations from data to information

F.	Computer systems have many languages...


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

D.	Why language is useful...

E.	Machines that manipulate symbols rather than the physical objects are intriguing because they are somehow more human-like than previous machines

1.	Computers were the first machines that were general purpose rather than built for a specific purpose.  This was possible because they manipulate symbols for objects rather than the objects themselve

2.	The human-like qualities of computers were picked up by Hollywood in movies like The Desk Set.

3.	Computers process symbolic information (language)

F.	Computer systems have many languages...


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

D.	Why language is useful...

E.	Machines that manipulate symbols rather than the physical objects are intriguing because they are somehow more human-like than previous machines

1.	Computers were the first machines that were gen...

2.	The human-like qualities of computers were picked up by Hollywood in movies like The Desk Set.

(No Subheadings)

3.	Computers process symbolic information (language)

F.	Computer systems have many languages...


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

F.	Computer systems have many languages

1.	Internal languages

a)	Example: Microsoft Word has a language it uses internally which represents the text of a document along with the format it is to be printed in.

b)	Machine language represents the instructions the computer is to follow

2.	User Languages - the way you communicate with a...


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a)	Example: Microsoft Word has a language it uses internally which represents the text of a document along with the format it is to be printed in.

b)	Machine language represents the instructions the computer is to follow


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

F.	Computer systems have many languages

2.	User Languages - the way you communicate with a computer so you can tell it what to do or give it data to work with.

a)	Procedural - you tell the computer exactly how to do it.

(1)	Assembly language - only slightly easier for humans than machine language

(2)	High Level languages (FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C++)

b)	Non-procedural - you tell the computer your obj...


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(1)	Assembly language - only slightly easier for humans than machine language

(2)	High Level languages (FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C++)


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

F.	Computer systems have many languages

2.	User Languages - the way you communicate with a computer so you can tell it what to do or give it data to work with.

a)	Procedural - you tell the computer exactly how ...

b)	Non-procedural - you tell the computer your objective and let it figure out how to do it.

(1)	Custom for application - the program might ask you questions

(2)	General software interface - like defining a database report

(3)	Query Languages (SQL)

(4)	Natural Language (requires AI techniques, not widely available)

IV.	Internal Computer Representations


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(1)	Custom for application - the program might ask you questions

(2)	General software interface - like defining a database report

(3)	Query Languages (SQL)

(4)	Natural Language (requires AI techniques, not widely available)


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

F.	Computer systems have many languages

1.	Internal languages...

2.	User Languages - the way you communicate with a computer so you can tell it what to do or give it data to work with.

a)	Procedural - you tell the computer exactly how to do it.

b)	Non-procedural - you tell the computer your objective and let it figure out how to do it.

IV.	Internal Computer Representations


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

E.	Machines that manipulate symbols rather than th...

F.	Computer systems have many languages

1.	Internal languages

2.	User Languages - the way you communicate with a computer so you can tell it what to do or give it data to work with.

IV.	Internal Computer Representations


Topic
III.	Symbolic Representation

A.	Part of being human

B.	Some things (symbols) stand for (represent) other things.

C.	A particular scheme for symbolically representing something is called a language

D.	Why language is useful

E.	Machines that manipulate symbols rather than the physical objects are intriguing because they are somehow more human-like than previous machines

F.	Computer systems have many languages

IV.	Internal Computer Representations


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

A.	The smallest unit of storage is a "bit"

1.	A bit could store the numbers 0 and 1

2.	A bit could be used to store the answer to a yes/no question (let 0 mean no and 1 mean yes

3.	A bit could store a gender (let 0 mean male and 1 mean female)

B.	Code words can be constructed to represent othe...


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1.	A bit could store the numbers 0 and 1

2.	A bit could be used to store the answer to a yes/no question (let 0 mean no and 1 mean yes

3.	A bit could store a gender (let 0 mean male and 1 mean female)


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

A.	The smallest unit of storage is a "bit"...

B.	Code words can be constructed to represent other things.  Each additional bit in the code word doubles the number of possibilities it can distinguish.

1.	For most modern computers, eight bits make a byte, which is a unit of storage that is widely used.

2.	Code words are often made up of an integral number of bytes for simplicity.

C.	A byte can be used to represent a...


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1.	For most modern computers, eight bits make a byte, which is a unit of storage that is widely used.

2.	Code words are often made up of an integral number of bytes for simplicity.


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

C.	A byte can be used to represent a typographic character in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

1.	Just like Morse Code is a standard for signalin...

2.	ASCII is a 7 bit code word, so there is an extra bit available in the byte

a)	Often the eighth bit is used to extend the code

b)	If it is 0, the other 7 bits are a standard ASCII code

c)	If it is 1, the other 7 bits mean something else

3.	The IBM PC has an extended code for playing car...


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a)	Often the eighth bit is used to extend the code

b)	If it is 0, the other 7 bits are a standard ASCII code

c)	If it is 1, the other 7 bits mean something else


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

B.	Code words can be constructed to represent othe...

C.	A byte can be used to represent a typographic character in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

1.	Just like Morse Code is a standard for signaling, ASCII is a standard for computer communications and storage of the typographic symbols

2.	ASCII is a 7 bit code word, so there is an extra bit available in the byte

3.	The IBM PC has an extended code for playing card suits and other graphics

4.	In Europe, they use an extended code for all the special characters in European languages

D.	Two or four bytes are usually used together to ...


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

B.	Code words can be constructed to represent othe...

C.	A byte can be used to represent a typographic character in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

1.	Just like Morse Code is a standard for signaling, ASCII is a standard for computer communications and storage of the typographic symbols

(No Subheadings)

2.	ASCII is a 7 bit code word, so there is an extra bit available in the byte

3.	The IBM PC has an extended code for playing card suits and other graphics

4.	In Europe, they use an extended code for all the special characters in European languages

D.	Two or four bytes are usually used together to ...


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

B.	Code words can be constructed to represent othe...

C.	A byte can be used to represent a typographic character in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

2.	ASCII is a 7 bit code word, so there is an extr...

3.	The IBM PC has an extended code for playing card suits and other graphics

(No Subheadings)

4.	In Europe, they use an extended code for all the special characters in European languages

D.	Two or four bytes are usually used together to ...


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

B.	Code words can be constructed to represent othe...

C.	A byte can be used to represent a typographic character in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

3.	The IBM PC has an extended code for playing car...

4.	In Europe, they use an extended code for all the special characters in European languages

(No Subheadings)

D.	Two or four bytes are usually used together to ...


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

C.	A byte can be used to represent a...

D.	Two or four bytes are usually used together to represent a number in the binary numeral system.

1.	Most computers do their arithmetic with binary numerals and convert to/from decimal numerals when communicating with humans.

2.	Remember, numbers are the same regardless of the numerals you use to represent them

3.	There are also binary represenatations for signed numbers and fractional values

E.	Pictures can be represented by breaking th...


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1.	Most computers do their arithmetic with binary numerals and convert to/from decimal numerals when communicating with humans.

2.	Remember, numbers are the same regardless of the numerals you use to represent them

3.	There are also binary represenatations for signed numbers and fractional values


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

D.	Two or four bytes are usually used together to ...

E.	Pictures can be represented by breaking them down into rows and columns, where each intersection (pixel) is represented by a code word

1.	If one bit code words are used, we could designate 0=WHITE and 1=BLACK.

2.	If two bit code words are used (rare) we could designate 00=WHITE, 01= LIGHT GRAY, 10=DARK GRAY, 11=BLACK.

3.	For color, 4 bit, 1 byte, 2 byte, 3 byte, or 4 byte code words are used.

F.	Sounds are often recorded as a sequence of...


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1.	If one bit code words are used, we could designate 0=WHITE and 1=BLACK.

2.	If two bit code words are used (rare) we could designate 00=WHITE, 01= LIGHT GRAY, 10=DARK GRAY, 11=BLACK.

3.	For color, 4 bit, 1 byte, 2 byte, 3 byte, or 4 byte code words are used.


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

E.	Pictures can be represented by breaking th...

F.	Sounds are often recorded as a sequence of air pressure readings (microphone output voltages), taken many times a second

1.	Phone companies use 8-bit numerals, sampling 8,000 times a second

2.	The music CD uses a 16-bit binary numeral representation of each pressure (voltage), one for each stereo channel, 44,100 times a second

3.	Sound cards offer many other combinations

G.	Many other kinds of information may be represen...


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1.	Phone companies use 8-bit numerals, sampling 8,000 times a second

2.	The music CD uses a 16-bit binary numeral representation of each pressure (voltage), one for each stereo channel, 44,100 times a second

3.	Sound cards offer many other combinations


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

G.	Many other kinds of information may be represented, and hierarchies are developed that use elementary representations as building blocks to represent other things

1.	Information about entities (persons, places, things, and ideas), and the relationships between them, are stored as a database.

c)	Table File - a group of records that each descr...

d)	Database - a group of table files that together have full information about  the entities and their relationships to one another

(1)	For example, the STUDENT, COURSE, and REGISTRATION table files.

H.	Processing instructions themselves need to be s...


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For example, the STUDENT, COURSE, and REGISTRATION table files.


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

G.	Many other kinds of information may be represented, and hierarchies are developed that use elementary representations as building blocks to represent other things

1.	Information about entities (persons, places, things, and ideas), and the relationships between them, are stored as a database.

a)	Field - a group of characters or a number or other code words that represent some characteristic (like "NAME"  or "WEIGHT" or a picture)

b)	Record - a group of fields that together describe an entity

c)	Table File - a group of records that each describe an entity of the same type (for example - the "STUDENT" file)

d)	Database - a group of table files that together have full information about  the entities and their relationships to one another

H.	Processing instructions themselves need to be s...


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

G.	Many other kinds of information may be represented, and hierarchies are developed that use elementary representations as building blocks to represent other things

1.	Information about entities (persons, places, things, and ideas), and the relationships between them, are stored as a database.

b)	Record - a group of fields that together descri...

c)	Table File - a group of records that each describe an entity of the same type (for example - the "STUDENT" file)

(No Subheadings)

d)	Database - a group of table files that together have full information about  the entities and their relationships to one another

H.	Processing instructions themselves need to be s...


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

F.	Sounds are often recorded as a sequence of...

G.	Many other kinds of information may be represented, and hierarchies are developed that use elementary representations as building blocks to represent other things

1.	Information about entities (persons, places, things, and ideas), and the relationships between them, are stored as a database.

H.	Processing instructions themselves need to be s...


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

G.	Many other kinds of information may be represen...

H.	Processing instructions themselves need to be symbolically represented

1.	Machine language

I.	The bits mean nothing unless you know their con...


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Machine language


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

H.	Processing instructions themselves need to be s...

I.	The bits mean nothing unless you know their context

1.	There is no explicit mark on the memory location indicating the kind of data stored there

V.	Data Storage


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There is no explicit mark on the memory location indicating the kind of data stored there


Topic
IV.	Internal Computer Representations

A.	The smallest unit of storage is a "bit"

B.	Code words can be constructed to represent other things.  Each additional bit in the code word doubles the number of possibilities it can distinguish.

C.	A byte can be used to represent a typographic character in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

D.	Two or four bytes are usually used together to represent a number in the binary numeral system.

E.	Pictures can be represented by breaking them down into rows and columns, where each intersection (pixel) is represented by a code word

F.	Sounds are often recorded as a sequence of air pressure readings (microphone output voltages), taken many times a second

G.	Many other kinds of information may be represented, and hierarchies are developed that use elementary representations as building blocks to represent other things

H.	Processing instructions themselves need to be symbolically represented

I.	The bits mean nothing unless you know their context

V.	Data Storage


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

1.	Three important characteristics of data storage

a)	Speed of access

b)	Permanence (non-volatility)

c)	Cost per megabyte

2.	Ideally, a single kind of memory would give us:...


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a)	Speed of access

b)	Permanence (non-volatility)

c)	Cost per megabyte


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

1.	Three important characteristics of data storage...

2.	Ideally, a single kind of memory would give us:

a)	Access to arbitrary locations very quickly

b)	Permanence

c)	Low cost per megabyte

3.	Not living in an ideal world, we must use two t...


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a)	Access to arbitrary locations very quickly

b)	Permanence

c)	Low cost per megabyte


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

4.	Goal: Access to arbitrary locations very quickly

c)	The current technology used for main memory is semiconductor chips, called Random Access Memory (RAM)

(1)	Advantages:

(a)	They are very fast at accessing random (arbitrary) locations

(b)	Having no moving parts makes them reliable

(2)	Disadvantages:...


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(a)	They are very fast at accessing random (arbitrary) locations

(b)	Having no moving parts makes them reliable


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

4.	Goal: Access to arbitrary locations very quickly

c)	The current technology used for main memory is semiconductor chips, called Random Access Memory (RAM)

(1)	Advantages:...

(2)	Disadvantages:

(a)	They lose their contents without a power source (volatile memory)

(b)	They have a high cost per megabyte

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte...


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(a)	They lose their contents without a power source (volatile memory)

(b)	They have a high cost per megabyte


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

4.	Goal: Access to arbitrary locations very quickly

b)	Main memory will contain the currently executin...

c)	The current technology used for main memory is semiconductor chips, called Random Access Memory (RAM)

(1)	Advantages:

(2)	Disadvantages:

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

3.	Not living in an ideal world, we must use two t...

4.	Goal: Access to arbitrary locations very quickly

a)	This category of memory is called main memory or primary memory

b)	Main memory will contain the currently executing program and its data

c)	The current technology used for main memory is semiconductor chips, called Random Access Memory (RAM)

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

3.	Not living in an ideal world, we must use two t...

4.	Goal: Access to arbitrary locations very quickly

a)	This category of memory is called ma...

b)	Main memory will contain the currently executing program and its data

(No Subheadings)

c)	The current technology used for main memory is semiconductor chips, called Random Access Memory (RAM)

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

d)	The current technology used for secondary memory is magnetic recording

(1)	Advantages:

(a)	Data will remain intact with no power for many years

(b)	It costs only a small fraction of what RAM costs per megabyte

(2)	Disadvantage:...


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(a)	Data will remain intact with no power for many years

(b)	It costs only a small fraction of what RAM costs per megabyte


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

d)	The current technology used for secondary memory is magnetic recording

(1)	Advantages:...

(2)	Disadvantage:

(a)	It is much slower than RAM in accessing random locations (thousands of times slower)

e)	Two kinds of access are available:...


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It is much slower than RAM in accessing random locations (thousands of times slower)


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

c)	Data is transferred from main memory to seconda...

d)	The current technology used for secondary memory is magnetic recording

(1)	Advantages:

(2)	Disadvantage:

e)	Two kinds of access are available:...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

e)	Two kinds of access are available:

(1)	Direct access

(a)	Although the timing is not as uniform as RAM, ...

(b)	Fixed media (e.g. hard disk)

(i)	faster

(ii)	more reliable

(iii)	always available

(c)	Removable media (e.g. floppy disk)...


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(i)	faster

(ii)	more reliable

(iii)	always available


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

e)	Two kinds of access are available:

(1)	Direct access

(b)	Fixed media (e.g. hard disk)...

(c)	Removable media (e.g. floppy disk)

(i)	has a lower cost per megabyte when data does not need to be on-line, because low cost media can be swapped in and out of the drive as needed

(ii)	is more portable and can be used on another machine to transfer data

(2)	Sequential access...


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(i)	has a lower cost per megabyte when data does not need to be on-line, because low cost media can be swapped in and out of the drive as needed

(ii)	is more portable and can be used on another machine to transfer data


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

e)	Two kinds of access are available:

(1)	Direct access

(a)	Although the timing is not as uniform as RAM, you can still access to random locations without undue delay

(b)	Fixed media (e.g. hard disk)

(c)	Removable media (e.g. floppy disk)

(2)	Sequential access...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

e)	Two kinds of access are available:

(1)	Direct access

(a)	Although the timing is not as uniform as RAM, you can still access to random locations without undue delay

(No Subheadings)

(b)	Fixed media (e.g. hard disk)

(c)	Removable media (e.g. floppy disk)

(2)	Sequential access...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

e)	Two kinds of access are available:

(2)	Sequential access

(a)	Does not allow going directly to a random location

(i)	You must first read through everything that comes before the item

(b)	The current technology used is a tape drive an...


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You must first read through everything that comes before the item


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

e)	Two kinds of access are available:

(2)	Sequential access

(a)	Does not allow going directly to a random loca...

(b)	The current technology used is a tape drive and removable magnetic tape media

(i)	The cost of magnetic tape media per megabyte is far lower than even removable disk media

B.	Indelible Data Storage...


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The cost of magnetic tape media per megabyte is far lower than even removable disk media


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

e)	Two kinds of access are available:

(1)	Direct access...

(2)	Sequential access

(a)	Does not allow going directly to a random location

(b)	The current technology used is a tape drive and removable magnetic tape media

B.	Indelible Data Storage...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

d)	The current technology used for secondary memor...

e)	Two kinds of access are available:

(1)	Direct access

(2)	Sequential access

B.	Indelible Data Storage...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

4.	Goal: Access to arbitrary locations very quickl...

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

a)	This category of memory is called secondary memory or auxiliary memory.Fortunately, one type of memory  meets both of these goals, otherwise, we would be in big trouble!

b)	Data is transferred from secondary memory to main memory and worked with there when it is needed

c)	Data is transferred from main memory to secondary memory when it needs to be remembered permanently

d)	The current technology used for secondary memory is magnetic recording

e)	Two kinds of access are available:

B.	Indelible Data Storage...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

4.	Goal: Access to arbitrary locations very quickl...

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

b)	Data is transferred from secondary memory to ma...

c)	Data is transferred from main memory to secondary memory when it needs to be remembered permanently

(No Subheadings)

d)	The current technology used for secondary memory is magnetic recording

e)	Two kinds of access are available:

B.	Indelible Data Storage...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

1.	Three important characteristics of data storage

2.	Ideally, a single kind of memory would give us:

3.	Not living in an ideal world, we must use two types of memory and transfer data between them to achieve the goals above

4.	Goal: Access to arbitrary locations very quickly

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

B.	Indelible Data Storage...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

2.	Ideally, a single kind of memory would give us:...

3.	Not living in an ideal world, we must use two types of memory and transfer data between them to achieve the goals above

(No Subheadings)

4.	Goal: Access to arbitrary locations very quickly

5.	Goals: Permanence and Low cost per megabyte

B.	Indelible Data Storage...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

B.	Indelible Data Storage

1.	Two kinds of commonly used storage are written at the factory and cannot be updated

a)	Read Only Memory (ROM)

(1)	Packaged and accessed like regular main memory...

(2)	Usually holds the program that runs when the machine is turned on or reset

(a)	On most machines this is the bootstrap loader which copies the operating system from disk into RAM

b)	CD-ROM...


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On most machines this is the bootstrap loader which copies the operating system from disk into RAM


Topic
V.	Data Storage

B.	Indelible Data Storage

1.	Two kinds of commonly used storage are written at the factory and cannot be updated

a)	Read Only Memory (ROM)

(1)	Packaged and accessed like regular main memory

(2)	Usually holds the program that runs when the machine is turned on or reset

b)	CD-ROM...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

B.	Indelible Data Storage

1.	Two kinds of commonly used storage are written at the factory and cannot be updated

a)	Read Only Memory (ROM)

(1)	Packaged and accessed like regular main memory

(No Subheadings)

(2)	Usually holds the program that runs when the machine is turned on or reset

b)	CD-ROM...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

B.	Indelible Data Storage

1.	Two kinds of commonly used storage are written at the factory and cannot be updated

b)	CD-ROM

(2)	Accessed like removable media disk storage...

(3)	Used when the volume of data is too large to be distributed on floppy disks

(a)	Holds the data of hundreds of floppies

C.	Using the data storage...


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Holds the data of hundreds of floppies


Topic
V.	Data Storage

B.	Indelible Data Storage

1.	Two kinds of commonly used storage are written at the factory and cannot be updated

a)	Read Only Memory (ROM) ...

b)	CD-ROM

(1)	A disk just like a compact music disk except the bits represent computer files instead of music

(2)	Accessed like removable media disk storage

(3)	Used when the volume of data is too large to be distributed on floppy disks

C.	Using the data storage...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

B.	Indelible Data Storage

1.	Two kinds of commonly used storage are written at the factory and cannot be updated

a)	Read Only Memory (ROM) ...

b)	CD-ROM

(1)	A disk just like a compact music disk except t...

(2)	Accessed like removable media disk storage

(No Subheadings)

(3)	Used when the volume of data is too large to be distributed on floppy disks

C.	Using the data storage...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

B.	Indelible Data Storage

1.	Two kinds of commonly used storage are written at the factory and cannot be updated

a)	Read Only Memory (ROM)

b)	CD-ROM

C.	Using the data storage...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices...

B.	Indelible Data Storage

1.	Two kinds of commonly used storage are written at the factory and cannot be updated

C.	Using the data storage...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

C.	Using the data storage

1.	The main memory can be accessed by a machine instruction using the locations address

a)	Each byte has its own unique address

2.	To access secondary memory, a special instructi...


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Each byte has its own unique address


Topic
V.	Data Storage

C.	Using the data storage

2.	To access secondary memory, a special instruction is issued

a)	The special instruction specifies where on a secondary device the item resides

(1)	The instruction causes a copy of the item, along with the whole page that contains it, to be placed into a region of main memory

(a)	A page is a group of bytes, its size depends on the particular device

(b)	The region of main memory is usually called a buffer

b)	Regular instructions may then access the item i...


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(a)	A page is a group of bytes, its size depends on the particular device

(b)	The region of main memory is usually called a buffer


Topic
V.	Data Storage

C.	Using the data storage

2.	To access secondary memory, a special instruction is issued

a)	The special instruction specifies where on a secondary device the item resides

(1)	The instruction causes a copy of the item, along with the whole page that contains it, to be placed into a region of main memory

b)	Regular instructions may then access the item i...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

C.	Using the data storage

1.	The main memory can be accessed by a machine in...

2.	To access secondary memory, a special instruction is issued

a)	The special instruction specifies where on a secondary device the item resides

b)	Regular instructions may then access the item in the buffer

c)	If the item is to be permanently updated, another special instruction is needed to copy the page from the buffer back to the secondary storage device

3.	Fortunately, most of these details are taken ca...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

C.	Using the data storage

1.	The main memory can be accessed by a machine in...

2.	To access secondary memory, a special instruction is issued

a)	The special instruction specifies where on a se...

b)	Regular instructions may then access the item in the buffer

(No Subheadings)

c)	If the item is to be permanently updated, another special instruction is needed to copy the page from the buffer back to the secondary storage device

3.	Fortunately, most of these details are taken ca...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

C.	Using the data storage

1.	The main memory can be accessed by a machine in...

2.	To access secondary memory, a special instruction is issued

b)	Regular instructions may then access the item i...

c)	If the item is to be permanently updated, another special instruction is needed to copy the page from the buffer back to the secondary storage device

(No Subheadings)

3.	Fortunately, most of these details are taken ca...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

C.	Using the data storage

4.	The contents of each secondary storage device are visualized as a set of files

a)	A file in this context just means a sequence of...

b)	The files are organized hierarchically, much like a filing cabinet is divided into drawers, large Pendaflex brand folders, and manila folders

(1)	The conceptual filing cabinet is the secondary storage device

(2)	The conceptual folder (or directory) is the container that holds files and/or other folders

5.	Every application uses a buffer for updates...


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(1)	The conceptual filing cabinet is the secondary storage device

(2)	The conceptual folder (or directory) is the container that holds files and/or other folders


Topic
V.	Data Storage

C.	Using the data storage

3.	Fortunately, most of these details are taken ca...

4.	The contents of each secondary storage device are visualized as a set of files

a)	A file in this context just means a sequence of bits that represent something

b)	The files are organized hierarchically, much like a filing cabinet is divided into drawers, large Pendaflex brand folders, and manila folders

5.	Every application uses a buffer for updates...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

C.	Using the data storage

3.	Fortunately, most of these details are taken ca...

4.	The contents of each secondary storage device are visualized as a set of files

a)	A file in this context just means a sequence of bits that represent something

(No Subheadings)

b)	The files are organized hierarchically, much like a filing cabinet is divided into drawers, large Pendaflex brand folders, and manila folders

5.	Every application uses a buffer for updates...


Topic
V.	Data Storage

C.	Using the data storage

4.	The contents of each secondary storage device a...

5.	Every application uses a buffer for updates

a)	WORD and QUATTRO PRO buffer the entire file (even if it is more than a page) and require you to use OPEN and SAVE commands

b)	PARADOX buffers the current record of the table file and updates secondary storage as soon as you move to another record

c)	Be aware of what you have to do to make your updates permanent!

6.	For files used regularly, a fixed media disk is...


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a)	WORD and QUATTRO PRO buffer the entire file (even if it is more than a page) and require you to use OPEN and SAVE commands

b)	PARADOX buffers the current record of the table file and updates secondary storage as soon as you move to another record

c)	Be aware of what you have to do to make your updates permanent!


Topic
V.	Data Storage

C.	Using the data storage

6.	For files used regularly, a fixed media disk is...

7.	For file backup or archive purposes, removable media disk or tape provide a low cost solution.

a)	Tape is cheaper, but slower when an arbitrary file is recovered

8.	If you need to move files from one machine to a...


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Tape is cheaper, but slower when an arbitrary file is recovered


Topic
V.	Data Storage

B.	Indelible Data Storage...

C.	Using the data storage

1.	The main memory can be accessed by a machine instruction using the locations address

2.	To access secondary memory, a special instruction is issued

3.	Fortunately, most of these details are taken care of by the operating system software, which we will learn about latter

4.	The contents of each secondary storage device are visualized as a set of files

5.	Every application uses a buffer for updates

6.	For files used regularly, a fixed media disk is the best place to store them.  Its fast and reliable.

7.	For file backup or archive purposes, removable media disk or tape provide a low cost solution.

8.	If you need to move files from one machine to another that is not on the same network, a removable media disk should be used.

9.	The fixed disk storage you will use for your own files is accessed over the network from the file server, not on the local machine, and is available from all the machines on the network

VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task


Topic
V.	Data Storage

B.	Indelible Data Storage...

C.	Using the data storage

2.	To access secondary memory, a special instructi...

3.	Fortunately, most of these details are taken care of by the operating system software, which we will learn about latter

(No Subheadings)

4.	The contents of each secondary storage device are visualized as a set of files

5.	Every application uses a buffer for updates

6.	For files used regularly, a fixed media disk is the best place to store them.  Its fast and reliable.

7.	For file backup or archive purposes, removable media disk or tape provide a low cost solution.

8.	If you need to move files from one machine to another that is not on the same network, a removable media disk should be used.

9.	The fixed disk storage you will use for your own files is accessed over the network from the file server, not on the local machine, and is available from all the machines on the network

VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task


Topic
V.	Data Storage

B.	Indelible Data Storage...

C.	Using the data storage

5.	Every application uses a buffer for updates...

6.	For files used regularly, a fixed media disk is the best place to store them.  Its fast and reliable.

(No Subheadings)

7.	For file backup or archive purposes, removable media disk or tape provide a low cost solution.

8.	If you need to move files from one machine to another that is not on the same network, a removable media disk should be used.

9.	The fixed disk storage you will use for your own files is accessed over the network from the file server, not on the local machine, and is available from all the machines on the network

VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task


Topic
V.	Data Storage

B.	Indelible Data Storage...

C.	Using the data storage

7.	For file backup or archive purposes, removable ...

8.	If you need to move files from one machine to another that is not on the same network, a removable media disk should be used.

(No Subheadings)

9.	The fixed disk storage you will use for your own files is accessed over the network from the file server, not on the local machine, and is available from all the machines on the network

VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task


Topic
V.	Data Storage

B.	Indelible Data Storage...

C.	Using the data storage

8.	If you need to move files from one machine to a...

9.	The fixed disk storage you will use for your own files is accessed over the network from the file server, not on the local machine, and is available from all the machines on the network

(No Subheadings)

VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task


Topic
V.	Data Storage

A.	Data Storage Devices

B.	Indelible Data Storage

C.	Using the data storage

VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

B.	Word processing only looks a like using a typewriter

2.	If you use it like a typewriter, however, you wont get as much of the benefit

a)	With a typewriter, you do two things at once

(1)	Enter the text of the document

(2)	Format how the document will look in its final form

b)	A change in format means that the whole documen...


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(1)	Enter the text of the document

(2)	Format how the document will look in its final form


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

B.	Word processing only looks a like using a typewriter

1.	Text appears on the computer screen, not paper...

2.	If you use it like a typewriter, however, you wont get as much of the benefit

a)	With a typewriter, you do two things at once

b)	A change in format means that the whole document will have to be retyped!

c)	If you format as you type in a word processor by using the space bar to indent and the return key at the margin you will not be able to edit the document or change the format without manually going through the document and removing those chara

3.	Modern word processing software allows you to s...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

B.	Word processing only looks a like using a typewriter

1.	Text appears on the computer screen, not paper...

2.	If you use it like a typewriter, however, you wont get as much of the benefit

a)	With a typewriter, you do two things at once...

b)	A change in format means that the whole document will have to be retyped!

(No Subheadings)

c)	If you format as you type in a word processor by using the space bar to indent and the return key at the margin you will not be able to edit the document or change the format without manually going through the document and removing those chara

3.	Modern word processing software allows you to s...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

B.	Word processing only looks a like using a typewriter

1.	Text appears on the computer screen, not paper...

2.	If you use it like a typewriter, however, you wont get as much of the benefit

b)	A change in format means that the whole documen...

c)	If you format as you type in a word processor by using the space bar to indent and the return key at the margin you will not be able to edit the document or change the format without manually going through the document and removing those chara

(No Subheadings)

3.	Modern word processing software allows you to s...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

B.	Word processing only looks a like using a typewriter

2.	If you use it like a typewriter, however, you w...

3.	Modern word processing software allows you to separate the activities

a)	Enter the text of the document indicating only paragraph breaks

b)	Decide latter on margins, paragraph indentation, type size, etc.

4.	Changes made to the text are automatically form...


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a)	Enter the text of the document indicating only paragraph breaks

b)	Decide latter on margins, paragraph indentation, type size, etc.


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

A.	Software that models the way documents are prep...

B.	Word processing only looks a like using a typewriter

1.	Text appears on the computer screen, not paper

2.	If you use it like a typewriter, however, you wont get as much of the benefit

3.	Modern word processing software allows you to separate the activities

4.	Changes made to the text are automatically formatted to the current format specification

5.	Changes made to the format are automatically applied to the current text

C.	Types of word processors...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

A.	Software that models the way documents are prep...

B.	Word processing only looks a like using a typewriter

1.	Text appears on the computer screen, not paper

(No Subheadings)

2.	If you use it like a typewriter, however, you wont get as much of the benefit

3.	Modern word processing software allows you to separate the activities

4.	Changes made to the text are automatically formatted to the current format specification

5.	Changes made to the format are automatically applied to the current text

C.	Types of word processors...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

A.	Software that models the way documents are prep...

B.	Word processing only looks a like using a typewriter

3.	Modern word processing software allows you to s...

4.	Changes made to the text are automatically formatted to the current format specification

(No Subheadings)

5.	Changes made to the format are automatically applied to the current text

C.	Types of word processors...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

A.	Software that models the way documents are prep...

B.	Word processing only looks a like using a typewriter

4.	Changes made to the text are automatically form...

5.	Changes made to the format are automatically applied to the current text

(No Subheadings)

C.	Types of word processors...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

C.	Types of word processors

1.	Hardware used

a)	Dedicated to, and designed specifically for, word processing

(1)	These machines are now considered obsolete

b)	General purpose personal computer...


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These machines are now considered obsolete


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

C.	Types of word processors

1.	Hardware used

a)	Dedicated to, and designed specifically for, word processing

b)	General purpose personal computer

2.	Orientation...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

C.	Types of word processors

1.	Hardware used

a)	Dedicated to, and designed specifically for, wo...

b)	General purpose personal computer

(No Subheadings)

2.	Orientation...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

C.	Types of word processors

2.	Orientation

a)	Imbedded-command formatting

(1)	Becoming obsolete, but still widely used

b)	Screen oriented (What You See Is What You Get, ...


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Becoming obsolete, but still widely used


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

C.	Types of word processors

1.	Hardware used...

2.	Orientation

a)	Imbedded-command formatting

b)	Screen oriented (What You See Is What You Get, WYSIWYG [wizzy-wig])

3.	Word processing vs. page layout general softwar...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

C.	Types of word processors

1.	Hardware used...

2.	Orientation

a)	Imbedded-command formatting...

b)	Screen oriented (What You See Is What You Get, WYSIWYG [wizzy-wig])

(No Subheadings)

3.	Word processing vs. page layout general softwar...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

C.	Types of word processors

2.	Orientation...

3.	Word processing vs. page layout general software

a)	A word processor is designed to handle one story line per document, and the text is formatted into a generic page layout

b)	Another general software package type is a page layout program, like PageMaker.   A page layout program is designed to handle several story lines per document, like a magazine or newspaper, with a unique layout for each page

c)	Each type is evolving and adding features of the other

D.	Some packages have more expressive power than o...


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a)	A word processor is designed to handle one story line per document, and the text is formatted into a generic page layout

b)	Another general software package type is a page layout program, like PageMaker.   A page layout program is designed to handle several story lines per document, like a magazine or newspaper, with a unique layout for each page

c)	Each type is evolving and adding features of the other


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

B.	Word processing only looks a like using a typew...

C.	Types of word processors

1.	Hardware used

2.	Orientation

3.	Word processing vs. page layout general software

D.	Some packages have more expressive power than o...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

C.	Types of word processors...

D.	Some packages have more expressive power than others in defining document structures

1.	Paragraphs

2.	Paragraph Styles

3.	Footnotes

4.	Table of contents

5.	Index

6.	Figures

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:...


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1.	Paragraphs

2.	Paragraph Styles

3.	Footnotes

4.	Table of contents

5.	Index

6.	Figures


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:

3.	New Line / Carriage Return  CAUTION!

a)	Also called HARD carriage return...

b)	In all word processors, it marks the end of an independent text unit, which can be:

(1)	The end of a paragraph

(2)	The end of a title

(3)	The end of an indented quotation

c)	In word processing, the word paragra...


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(1)	The end of a paragraph

(2)	The end of a title

(3)	The end of an indented quotation


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:

2.	Scrolling...

3.	New Line / Carriage Return  CAUTION!

a)	Also called HARD carriage return

b)	In all word processors, it marks the end of an independent text unit, which can be:

c)	In word processing, the word paragraph means any of the above, in other words,  the text between carriage returns

d)	The single biggest obstacle to effectively using a word processor is hitting carriage return at the end of a line before the end of the paragraph, instead of letting the word processor flow the text to the current format margin.

4.	Inserting and deleting characters...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:

2.	Scrolling...

3.	New Line / Carriage Return  CAUTION!

a)	Also called HARD carriage return

(No Subheadings)

b)	In all word processors, it marks the end of an independent text unit, which can be:

c)	In word processing, the word paragraph means any of the above, in other words,  the text between carriage returns

d)	The single biggest obstacle to effectively using a word processor is hitting carriage return at the end of a line before the end of the paragraph, instead of letting the word processor flow the text to the current format margin.

4.	Inserting and deleting characters...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:

2.	Scrolling...

3.	New Line / Carriage Return  CAUTION!

b)	In all word processors, it marks the end of an ...

c)	In word processing, the word paragraph means any of the above, in other words,  the text between carriage returns

(No Subheadings)

d)	The single biggest obstacle to effectively using a word processor is hitting carriage return at the end of a line before the end of the paragraph, instead of letting the word processor flow the text to the current format margin.

4.	Inserting and deleting characters...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:

2.	Scrolling...

3.	New Line / Carriage Return  CAUTION!

c)	In word processing, the word paragra...

d)	The single biggest obstacle to effectively using a word processor is hitting carriage return at the end of a line before the end of the paragraph, instead of letting the word processor flow the text to the current format margin.

(No Subheadings)

4.	Inserting and deleting characters...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

D.	Some packages have more expressive power than o...

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:

1.	Cursor movement

2.	Scrolling

3.	New Line / Carriage Return  CAUTION!

4.	Inserting and deleting characters

5.	Copy/Cut/Paste text

6.	Search/Replace text

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

D.	Some packages have more expressive power than o...

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:

1.	Cursor movement...

2.	Scrolling

(No Subheadings)

3.	New Line / Carriage Return  CAUTION!

4.	Inserting and deleting characters

5.	Copy/Cut/Paste text

6.	Search/Replace text

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

D.	Some packages have more expressive power than o...

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:

3.	New Line / Carriage Return  CAUTION!...

4.	Inserting and deleting characters

(No Subheadings)

5.	Copy/Cut/Paste text

6.	Search/Replace text

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

D.	Some packages have more expressive power than o...

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:

4.	Inserting and deleting characters...

5.	Copy/Cut/Paste text

(No Subheadings)

6.	Search/Replace text

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

D.	Some packages have more expressive power than o...

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:

5.	Copy/Cut/Paste text...

6.	Search/Replace text

(No Subheadings)

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:

1.	Margins

a)	When you change margins, the text is automatica...

b)	Text flow

(1)	Ragged right

(2)	Ragged left

(3)	Centered

(4)	Justified

2.	First line indentation...


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(1)	Ragged right

(2)	Ragged left

(3)	Centered

(4)	Justified


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:

1.	Margins

a)	When you change margins, the text is automatically re-flowed to fit the new margins

b)	Text flow

2.	First line indentation...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:

1.	Margins

a)	When you change margins, the text is automatically re-flowed to fit the new margins

(No Subheadings)

b)	Text flow

2.	First line indentation...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:

1.	Margins...

2.	First line indentation

a)	How do you control where the first line of a paragraph starts

3.	Continuation line indentation...


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How do you control where the first line of a paragraph starts


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:

2.	First line indentation...

3.	Continuation line indentation

a)	How do you control where the second and subsequent lines of a paragraph start

4.	Line spacing...


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How do you control where the second and subsequent lines of a paragraph start


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:

3.	Continuation line indentation...

4.	Line spacing

a)	Single space

b)	Double space

c)	Specific amounts of space (point measure)

d)	Before/After paragraph spacing

5.	Tab stops...


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a)	Single space

b)	Double space

c)	Specific amounts of space (point measure)

d)	Before/After paragraph spacing


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:

4.	Line spacing...

5.	Tab stops

a)	Left

b)	Right

c)	Center

d)	Decimal

G.	Paragraph Styles...


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a)	Left

b)	Right

c)	Center

d)	Decimal


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:...

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:

1.	Margins

2.	First line indentation

3.	Continuation line indentation

4.	Line spacing

5.	Tab stops

G.	Paragraph Styles...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

G.	Paragraph Styles

3.	Although paragraph styles take time to define, ...

4.	Each paragraph (a title is also considered to be a paragraph) should be assigned a style.  For example:

a)	heading

b)	subheading

c)	paragraph

d)	quotation

e)	continuation

f)	citation

5.	When a paragraph does not fit one of the existi...


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a)	heading

b)	subheading

c)	paragraph

d)	quotation

e)	continuation

f)	citation


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:...

G.	Paragraph Styles

1.	Introduced in Microsoft Word, not available in the older WordPerfect software

2.	Important to maintaining consistency among several documents or throughout a large document

3.	Although paragraph styles take time to define, they can save time even in small documents

4.	Each paragraph (a title is also considered to be a paragraph) should be assigned a style.  For example:

5.	When a paragraph does not fit one of the existing styles, you simply define a new style

6.	If you decide you need to change the format of your document, simply re-defining a style will update the entire document

H.	Character formatting...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:...

G.	Paragraph Styles

2.	Important to maintaining consistency among seve...

3.	Although paragraph styles take time to define, they can save time even in small documents

(No Subheadings)

4.	Each paragraph (a title is also considered to be a paragraph) should be assigned a style.  For example:

5.	When a paragraph does not fit one of the existing styles, you simply define a new style

6.	If you decide you need to change the format of your document, simply re-defining a style will update the entire document

H.	Character formatting...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:...

G.	Paragraph Styles

4.	Each paragraph (a title is also considered to b...

5.	When a paragraph does not fit one of the existing styles, you simply define a new style

(No Subheadings)

6.	If you decide you need to change the format of your document, simply re-defining a style will update the entire document

H.	Character formatting...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:...

G.	Paragraph Styles

5.	When a paragraph does not fit one of the existi...

6.	If you decide you need to change the format of your document, simply re-defining a style will update the entire document

(No Subheadings)

H.	Character formatting...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

G.	Paragraph Styles...

H.	Character formatting

1.	Font

2.	Size

3.	Special effects (bold, italic, underline, etc.)

4.	In Microsoft Word, you can also define character styles for specific purposes, such as a book name within a citation

I.	Document formatting...


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1.	Font

2.	Size

3.	Special effects (bold, italic, underline, etc.)

4.	In Microsoft Word, you can also define character styles for specific purposes, such as a book name within a citation


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

I.	Document formatting

1.	Pagination

a)	Widow control

b)	Page margins

2.	Headers/Footers...


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a)	Widow control

b)	Page margins


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

I.	Document formatting

2.	Headers/Footers...

3.	Footnotes

a)	Note: Footnotes and footers are not the same thing!

J.	Advanced word processing features...


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Note: Footnotes and footers are not the same thing!


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

H.	Character formatting...

I.	Document formatting

1.	Pagination

2.	Headers/Footers

3.	Footnotes

J.	Advanced word processing features...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

H.	Character formatting...

I.	Document formatting

1.	Pagination...

2.	Headers/Footers

(No Subheadings)

3.	Footnotes

J.	Advanced word processing features...


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

I.	Document formatting...

J.	Advanced word processing features

1.	Spelling checker

2.	Thesaurus

3.	Grammar checker

4.	Mailing list/Mail merge

5.	Graphics included along with text

6.	Multiple columns

7.	Tables

K.	Macros...


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1.	Spelling checker

2.	Thesaurus

3.	Grammar checker

4.	Mailing list/Mail merge

5.	Graphics included along with text

6.	Multiple columns

7.	Tables


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

K.	Macros

1.	In older software (WordPerfect), macros were used to simulate paragraph styles by inserting standard sequences of formatting codes when invoked

a)	However, there was no way to change a style without going through the document manually and deleting the old codes and re-invoking the macro for each paragraph of the style being changed

2.	In Microsoft Word, macros are more often used t...


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However, there was no way to change a style without going through the document manually and deleting the old codes and re-invoking the macro for each paragraph of the style being changed


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

K.	Macros

1.	In older software (WordPerfect), macros were us...

2.	In Microsoft Word, macros are more often used to automate the creation of a document

a)	The macro, for instance, prompts for things like name and address and formats them correctly for a letter

VII.	Input/Output Devices


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The macro, for instance, prompts for things like name and address and formats them correctly for a letter


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

J.	Advanced word processing features...

K.	Macros

1.	In older software (WordPerfect), macros were used to simulate paragraph styles by inserting standard sequences of formatting codes when invoked

2.	In Microsoft Word, macros are more often used to automate the creation of a document

VII.	Input/Output Devices


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

A.	Software that models the way documents are prepared

B.	Word processing only looks a like using a typewriter

C.	Types of word processors

D.	Some packages have more expressive power than others in defining document structures

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:

G.	Paragraph Styles

H.	Character formatting

I.	Document formatting

J.	Advanced word processing features

K.	Macros

VII.	Input/Output Devices


Topic
VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

A.	Software that models the way documents are prepared

(No Subheadings)

B.	Word processing only looks a like using a typewriter

C.	Types of word processors

D.	Some packages have more expressive power than others in defining document structures

E.	Entering and Editing - things you must learn:

F.	Paragraph formatting - things you must learn:

G.	Paragraph Styles

H.	Character formatting

I.	Document formatting

J.	Advanced word processing features

K.	Macros

VII.	Input/Output Devices


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

A.	Human input to a computer

1.	Symbolic

a)	Keyboard

b)	Mouse

c)	Mark-sensor form (need reader)

d)	Optical character recognition (OCR) (need scanner & software),

e)	Handwriting recognition (need Input Tablet & software)

f)	Voice recognition (need sound card with A/D converter & software)

g)	MIDI controller instrument

h)	Data glove

2.	Graphical...


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a)	Keyboard

b)	Mouse

c)	Mark-sensor form (need reader)

d)	Optical character recognition (OCR) (need scanner & software),

e)	Handwriting recognition (need Input Tablet & software)

f)	Voice recognition (need sound card with A/D converter & software)

g)	MIDI controller instrument

h)	Data glove


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

A.	Human input to a computer

1.	Symbolic...

2.	Graphical

a)	Scanner

b)	Digital Camera

c)	Input Tablet

3.	Audio...


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a)	Scanner

b)	Digital Camera

c)	Input Tablet


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

A.	Human input to a computer

2.	Graphical...

3.	Audio

a)	Sound card with A/D converter

b)	MIDI controller instrument

B.	Computer output to a human...


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a)	Sound card with A/D converter

b)	MIDI controller instrument


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

A.	Human input to a computer

1.	Symbolic

2.	Graphical

3.	Audio

B.	Computer output to a human...


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

B.	Computer output to a human

1.	Visual

a)	Printer

(1)	Text

(2)	Graphics

b)	Display...


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(1)	Text

(2)	Graphics


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

B.	Computer output to a human

1.	Visual

b)	Display

(1)	2D ...

(2)	3D

(a)	Stereo picture

(b)	Moving perspective

c)	Bar code printer...


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(a)	Stereo picture

(b)	Moving perspective


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

B.	Computer output to a human

1.	Visual

a)	Printer...

b)	Display

(1)	2D

(2)	3D

c)	Bar code printer...


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

B.	Computer output to a human

1.	Visual

a)	Printer...

b)	Display

(1)	2D

(No Subheadings)

(2)	3D

c)	Bar code printer...


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

B.	Computer output to a human

1.	Visual

a)	Printer

b)	Display

c)	Bar code printer

d)	Magnetic ink printer

2.	Audio...


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

B.	Computer output to a human

1.	Visual

b)	Display...

c)	Bar code printer

(No Subheadings)

d)	Magnetic ink printer

2.	Audio...


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

B.	Computer output to a human

1.	Visual

c)	Bar code printer...

d)	Magnetic ink printer

(No Subheadings)

2.	Audio...


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

B.	Computer output to a human

2.	Audio

a)	Audio D/A converter

(1)	Music

(2)	Voice

b)	MIDI slave instrument...


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(1)	Music

(2)	Voice


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

B.	Computer output to a human

1.	Visual...

2.	Audio

a)	Audio D/A converter

b)	MIDI slave instrument

3.	Tactile...


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

B.	Computer output to a human

1.	Visual...

2.	Audio

a)	Audio D/A converter...

b)	MIDI slave instrument

(No Subheadings)

3.	Tactile...


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

B.	Computer output to a human

2.	Audio...

3.	Tactile

a)	Data glove

C.	Computer output to other computers...


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Data glove


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

A.	Human input to a computer ...

B.	Computer output to a human

1.	Visual

2.	Audio

3.	Tactile

C.	Computer output to other computers...


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

B.	Computer output to a human...

C.	Computer output to other computers

1.	Bar code printer

2.	Magnetic ink printer

3.	Paper tape punch

4.	Card punch

5.	Write to removable media and eject it

6.	Direct digital communications

7.	Data probe tools

D.	Computer input from other computers...


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1.	Bar code printer

2.	Magnetic ink printer

3.	Paper tape punch

4.	Card punch

5.	Write to removable media and eject it

6.	Direct digital communications

7.	Data probe tools


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

C.	Computer output to other computers...

D.	Computer input from other computers

1.	Bar code reader

2.	Magnetic ink reader

3.	Paper tape reader

4.	Card reader

5.	Insert removable media and read it

6.	Direct digital communications

7.	Data probe tools

VIII.	Systems Software


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1.	Bar code reader

2.	Magnetic ink reader

3.	Paper tape reader

4.	Card reader

5.	Insert removable media and read it

6.	Direct digital communications

7.	Data probe tools


Topic
VII.	Input/Output Devices

A.	Human input to a computer

B.	Computer output to a human

C.	Computer output to other computers

D.	Computer input from other computers

VIII.	Systems Software


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

A.	Definition:  Software that supports application...

B.	Bootstrap Loader

1.	The program in ROM that loads the operating system when the machine is turned on or reset

C.	Operating system...


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The program in ROM that loads the operating system when the machine is turned on or reset


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

1.	Manages the memory of the computer

a)	Main

(1)	Allocates memory to run programs

b)	Secondary...


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Allocates memory to run programs


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

1.	Manages the memory of the computer

b)	Secondary

(1)	Keeps track of where things are...

(2)	Organized as a hierarchical system

(a)	A directory (folder) object can hold other directories and/or files

(b)	A file contains the bits recorded by an application program, which actually represent something

2.	Takes orders from the user regarding what progr...


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(a)	A directory (folder) object can hold other directories and/or files

(b)	A file contains the bits recorded by an application program, which actually represent something


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

1.	Manages the memory of the computer

a)	Main...

b)	Secondary

(1)	Keeps track of where things are

(2)	Organized as a hierarchical system

2.	Takes orders from the user regarding what progr...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

1.	Manages the memory of the computer

a)	Main...

b)	Secondary

(1)	Keeps track of where things are

(No Subheadings)

(2)	Organized as a hierarchical system

2.	Takes orders from the user regarding what progr...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

1.	Manages the memory of the computer

a)	Main

b)	Secondary

2.	Takes orders from the user regarding what progr...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

2.	Takes orders from the user regarding what programs to run and what data files to use

a)	Interface style

(1)	Textual command language translator (DOS, JCL)

(2)	Graphical (Windows, Macintosh)

b)	Plays the role of the genie that grants your wi...


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(1)	Textual command language translator (DOS, JCL)

(2)	Graphical (Windows, Macintosh)


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

1.	Manages the memory of the computer...

2.	Takes orders from the user regarding what programs to run and what data files to use

a)	Interface style

b)	Plays the role of the genie that grants your wishes

3.	Provides an environment for the program that is...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

1.	Manages the memory of the computer...

2.	Takes orders from the user regarding what programs to run and what data files to use

a)	Interface style...

b)	Plays the role of the genie that grants your wishes

(No Subheadings)

3.	Provides an environment for the program that is...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

2.	Takes orders from the user regarding what progr...

3.	Provides an environment for the program that is running, extending the raw machine language instruction set

a)	The environment includes a toolbox that an application program can call upon to implement the standard user interface style

4.	Handles security in multi-user systems...


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The environment includes a toolbox that an application program can call upon to implement the standard user interface style


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

4.	Handles security in multi-user systems

a)	For example, the file server in the lab runs an operating system called NetWare.

(1)	You log into the file server to get access to your own files

(2)	You may only read the g: drive and may not even look at other students files

5.	Multi-programming - more than one list of instr...


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(1)	You log into the file server to get access to your own files

(2)	You may only read the g: drive and may not even look at other students files


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

3.	Provides an environment for the program that is...

4.	Handles security in multi-user systems

a)	For example, the file server in the lab runs an operating system called NetWare.

5.	Multi-programming - more than one list of instr...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

5.	Multi-programming - more than one list of instructions (program) is active at the same time, and the operating system switches the CPU between the programs

a)	We have one of three objectives

(1)	Multi-tasking: optimize the time of a person by doing a lengthy task in the background while the person continues to work on something else

(a)	Example: Windows Print Manager

(2)	Multi-programming: optimize the utilization of...


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Example: Windows Print Manager


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

5.	Multi-programming - more than one list of instructions (program) is active at the same time, and the operating system switches the CPU between the programs

a)	We have one of three objectives

(1)	Multi-tasking: optimize the time of a person b...

(2)	Multi-programming: optimize the utilization of all the equipment by spending enough CPU time on I/O intensive tasks to keep all the external devices working and the rest on a CPU intensive tas

(a)	Example: IBM MVS batch processing system

(3)	...


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Example: IBM MVS batch processing system


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

5.	Multi-programming - more than one list of instructions (program) is active at the same time, and the operating system switches the CPU between the programs

a)	We have one of three objectives

(2)	Multi-programming: optimize the utilization of...

(3)	Time-sharing: share the CPU in short time slices among several persons and make each user have the illusion that they are the sole user of the machine, except that it will sometimes be slower, when more than one user has a CPU intensive task at the same time.

(a)	Example: UNIX

6.	Advanced hardware features supported...


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Example: UNIX


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

5.	Multi-programming - more than one list of instructions (program) is active at the same time, and the operating system switches the CPU between the programs

a)	We have one of three objectives

(1)	Multi-tasking: optimize the time of a person by doing a lengthy task in the background while the person continues to work on something else

(2)	Multi-programming: optimize the utilization of all the equipment by spending enough CPU time on I/O intensive tasks to keep all the external devices working and the rest on a CPU intensive tas

(3)	Time-sharing: share the CPU in short time slices among several persons and make each user have the illusion that they are the sole user of the machine, except that it will sometimes be slower, when more than one user has a CPU intensive task at the same time.

6.	Advanced hardware features supported...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

4.	Handles security in multi-user systems...

5.	Multi-programming - more than one list of instructions (program) is active at the same time, and the operating system switches the CPU between the programs

a)	We have one of three objectives

6.	Advanced hardware features supported...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system

5.	Multi-programming - more than one list of instr...

6.	Advanced hardware features supported

b)	Virtual storage

c)	Multi-processing (parallel processing)

D.	Language translators and development systems...


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b)	Virtual storage

c)	Multi-processing (parallel processing)


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

B.	Bootstrap Loader...

C.	Operating system

1.	Manages the memory of the computer

2.	Takes orders from the user regarding what programs to run and what data files to use

3.	Provides an environment for the program that is running, extending the raw machine language instruction set

4.	Handles security in multi-user systems

5.	Multi-programming - more than one list of instructions (program) is active at the same time, and the operating system switches the CPU between the programs

6.	Advanced hardware features supported

D.	Language translators and development systems...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

D.	Language translators and development systems

2.	Development systems should support:

a)	A project manager to keep track of programs

(1)	Makes sure any program changes are taken into account before trying to execute the application

b)	A debugger...


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Makes sure any program changes are taken into account before trying to execute the application


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

D.	Language translators and development systems

2.	Development systems should support:

a)	A project manager to keep track of programs...

b)	A debugger

(1)	Lets a programmer view her program step by step as it runs and look at intermediate results stored in memory

c)	Creating an executable file to deliver the appl...


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Lets a programmer view her program step by step as it runs and look at intermediate results stored in memory


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

D.	Language translators and development systems

1.	Support developing application programs using p...

2.	Development systems should support:

a)	A project manager to keep track of programs

b)	A debugger

c)	Creating an executable file to deliver the application to users

E.	Utility programs...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

D.	Language translators and development systems

1.	Support developing application programs using p...

2.	Development systems should support:

b)	A debugger...

c)	Creating an executable file to deliver the application to users

(No Subheadings)

E.	Utility programs...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system...

D.	Language translators and development systems

1.	Support developing application programs using procedural languages such as BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL, C++, etc.

2.	Development systems should support:

E.	Utility programs...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

C.	Operating system...

D.	Language translators and development systems

1.	Support developing application programs using procedural languages such as BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL, C++, etc.

(No Subheadings)

2.	Development systems should support:

E.	Utility programs...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

E.	Utility programs

2.	Spooling  (Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-line)

b)	Spooling programs run I/O devices by copying to...

c)	Objectives:

(1)	mainframe - so the computer CPU does not waste time waiting for a slow I/O device

(2)	microcomputer - so the person does not waste time waiting for a slow I/O device

3.	Text Editor for preparing programs...


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(1)	mainframe - so the computer CPU does not waste time waiting for a slow I/O device

(2)	microcomputer - so the person does not waste time waiting for a slow I/O device


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

E.	Utility programs

1.	Secondary storage backup...

2.	Spooling  (Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-line)

a)	Requires a form of multi-programming

b)	Spooling programs run I/O devices by copying to/from secondary storage

c)	Objectives:

3.	Text Editor for preparing programs...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

E.	Utility programs

1.	Secondary storage backup...

2.	Spooling  (Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-line)

a)	Requires a form of multi-programming  ...

b)	Spooling programs run I/O devices by copying to/from secondary storage

(No Subheadings)

c)	Objectives:

3.	Text Editor for preparing programs...


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

E.	Utility programs

3.	Text Editor for preparing programs...

4.	File and Database utilities

a)	Usually supplies an environment for programs written for the language translators

IX.	General Software


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Usually supplies an environment for programs written for the language translators


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

D.	Language translators and development systems...

E.	Utility programs

1.	Secondary storage backup

2.	Spooling  (Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-line)

3.	Text Editor for preparing programs

4.	File and Database utilities

IX.	General Software


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

D.	Language translators and development systems...

E.	Utility programs

1.	Secondary storage backup

(No Subheadings)

2.	Spooling  (Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-line)

3.	Text Editor for preparing programs

4.	File and Database utilities

IX.	General Software


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

D.	Language translators and development systems...

E.	Utility programs

2.	Spooling  (Simultaneous Peripheral Operations O...

3.	Text Editor for preparing programs

(No Subheadings)

4.	File and Database utilities

IX.	General Software


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

A.	Definition:  Software that supports application software but does not implement an application in and of itself

B.	Bootstrap Loader

C.	Operating system

D.	Language translators and development systems

E.	Utility programs

IX.	General Software


Topic
VIII.	Systems Software

A.	Definition:  Software that supports application software but does not implement an application in and of itself

(No Subheadings)

B.	Bootstrap Loader

C.	Operating system

D.	Language translators and development systems

E.	Utility programs

IX.	General Software


Topic
IX.	General Software

A.	Continuum of structure

1.	The more structure that is imposed in a general application, the more the computer knows about what your doing, the more it can do for you.

2.	More structure requires more thought, training and time

3.	Word processing is the least structured, spreadsheets are more structured, and the database is the most structured of the general software tools we will learn

B.	Using General Software...


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1.	The more structure that is imposed in a general application, the more the computer knows about what your doing, the more it can do for you.

2.	More structure requires more thought, training and time

3.	Word processing is the least structured, spreadsheets are more structured, and the database is the most structured of the general software tools we will learn


Topic
IX.	General Software

B.	Using General Software

1.	When you use a general software package on a mainframe or micro computer you should ask the following questions before proceeding:

e)	How do you delete a file containing a document?...

f)	How do you stop using  (close) a document:

(1)	Replacing the original file with the modified document?

(2)	Discarding the modified version and keeping the original file?

g)	How do you exit the package?...


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(1)	Replacing the original file with the modified document?

(2)	Discarding the modified version and keeping the original file?


Topic
IX.	General Software

B.	Using General Software

1.	When you use a general software package on a mainframe or micro computer you should ask the following questions before proceeding:

a)	How do you access the software package from the Operating System (OS)?

b)	How do you create a new document, or call up an old one from a file?

c)	How do you save the document to a secondary storage (disk) file so that it will be saved permanently?

d)	How do you print the document?

e)	How do you delete a file containing a document?

f)	How do you stop using  (close) a document:

g)	How do you exit the package?

2.	Fortunately, with most Windows applications, th...


Topic
IX.	General Software

B.	Using General Software

1.	When you use a general software package on a mainframe or micro computer you should ask the following questions before proceeding:

d)	How do you print the document?...

e)	How do you delete a file containing a document?

(No Subheadings)

f)	How do you stop using  (close) a document:

g)	How do you exit the package?

2.	Fortunately, with most Windows applications, th...


Topic
IX.	General Software

B.	Using General Software

1.	When you use a general software package on a mainframe or micro computer you should ask the following questions before proceeding:

f)	How do you stop using  (close) a document:...

g)	How do you exit the package?

(No Subheadings)

2.	Fortunately, with most Windows applications, th...


Topic
IX.	General Software

B.	Using General Software

2.	Fortunately, with most Windows applications, th...

3.	Windows and other multitasking operating systems allow you to start another application without exiting the first

a)	You can cut and paste information between applications

b)	You will be asked about what should be done with modified documents in suspended applications when you exit Windows

C.	Customizing General Software...


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a)	You can cut and paste information between applications

b)	You will be asked about what should be done with modified documents in suspended applications when you exit Windows


Topic
IX.	General Software

A.	Continuum of structure...

B.	Using General Software

1.	When you use a general software package on a mainframe or micro computer you should ask the following questions before proceeding:

2.	Fortunately, with most Windows applications, these tasks are always done in the same way so you dont have to re-learn them, as in DOS applications

3.	Windows and other multitasking operating systems allow you to start another application without exiting the first

C.	Customizing General Software...


Topic
IX.	General Software

A.	Continuum of structure...

B.	Using General Software

1.	When you use a general software package on a ma...

2.	Fortunately, with most Windows applications, these tasks are always done in the same way so you dont have to re-learn them, as in DOS applications

(No Subheadings)

3.	Windows and other multitasking operating systems allow you to start another application without exiting the first

C.	Customizing General Software...


Topic
IX.	General Software

C.	Customizing General Software

2.	Some packages also provide a macro language to further extend their capabilities

a)	A macro is an instruction that invokes a whole sequence of instructions, in order to save work and time

(1)	Some macros are usually supplied with a software package

(2)	Users can also define their own macros

b)	Macros are the most labor intensive way of adap...


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(1)	Some macros are usually supplied with a software package

(2)	Users can also define their own macros


Topic
IX.	General Software

C.	Customizing General Software

1.	Many of the unique aspects of your application ...

2.	Some packages also provide a macro language to further extend their capabilities

a)	A macro is an instruction that invokes a whole sequence of instructions, in order to save work and time

b)	Macros are the most labor intensive way of adapting general software because they are similar to a procedural programming language

X.	Spreadsheets


Topic
IX.	General Software

C.	Customizing General Software

1.	Many of the unique aspects of your application ...

2.	Some packages also provide a macro language to further extend their capabilities

a)	A macro is an instruction that invokes a whole ...

b)	Macros are the most labor intensive way of adapting general software because they are similar to a procedural programming language

(No Subheadings)

X.	Spreadsheets


Topic
IX.	General Software

B.	Using General Software...

C.	Customizing General Software

1.	Many of the unique aspects of your application may be defined using the structures available in a general software package

2.	Some packages also provide a macro language to further extend their capabilities

X.	Spreadsheets


Topic
IX.	General Software

B.	Using General Software...

C.	Customizing General Software

1.	Many of the unique aspects of your application may be defined using the structures available in a general software package

(No Subheadings)

2.	Some packages also provide a macro language to further extend their capabilities

X.	Spreadsheets


Topic
IX.	General Software

A.	Continuum of structure

B.	Using General Software

C.	Customizing General Software

X.	Spreadsheets


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

A.	Model is more structured than word processing

1.	The idea was based on an accountants spreadshee...

2.	Documents have ROWS and COLUMNS with a CELL at each intersection

a)	A CELL is pointed to by the cell cursor

b)	The contents of the CELL pointed to by the cell cursor may be replaced or edited

c)	While entering or editing a cell, its contents are displayed in the status area

3.	Value of a CELL may be...


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a)	A CELL is pointed to by the cell cursor

b)	The contents of the CELL pointed to by the cell cursor may be replaced or edited

c)	While entering or editing a cell, its contents are displayed in the status area


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

A.	Model is more structured than word processing

2.	Documents have ROWS and COLUMNS with a CELL at ...

3.	Value of a CELL may be

a)	A fixed value

b)	Determined by a formula whose result will be computed when displayed

4.	The type of value in a cell may be...


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a)	A fixed value

b)	Determined by a formula whose result will be computed when displayed


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

A.	Model is more structured than word processing

3.	Value of a CELL may be...

4.	The type of value in a cell may be

a)	NUMERIC

b)	TEXT (label)

5.	Each CELL has a name, for instance A1 is the na...


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a)	NUMERIC

b)	TEXT (label)


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

A.	Model is more structured than word processing

1.	The idea was based on an accountants spreadsheet

2.	Documents have ROWS and COLUMNS with a CELL at each intersection

3.	Value of a CELL may be

4.	The type of value in a cell may be

5.	Each CELL has a name, for instance A1 is the name of the CELL in COLUMN A, ROW 1

6.	Formulas are arbitrary arithmetic or logical expressions that may refer to the current values of other CELLS (either numeric or text values)

B.	Developing a report application...


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

A.	Model is more structured than word processing

1.	The idea was based on an accountants spreadsheet

(No Subheadings)

2.	Documents have ROWS and COLUMNS with a CELL at each intersection

3.	Value of a CELL may be

4.	The type of value in a cell may be

5.	Each CELL has a name, for instance A1 is the name of the CELL in COLUMN A, ROW 1

6.	Formulas are arbitrary arithmetic or logical expressions that may refer to the current values of other CELLS (either numeric or text values)

B.	Developing a report application...


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

A.	Model is more structured than word processing

4.	The type of value in a cell may be...

5.	Each CELL has a name, for instance A1 is the name of the CELL in COLUMN A, ROW 1

(No Subheadings)

6.	Formulas are arbitrary arithmetic or logical expressions that may refer to the current values of other CELLS (either numeric or text values)

B.	Developing a report application...


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

A.	Model is more structured than word processing

5.	Each CELL has a name, for instance A1 is the na...

6.	Formulas are arbitrary arithmetic or logical expressions that may refer to the current values of other CELLS (either numeric or text values)

(No Subheadings)

B.	Developing a report application...


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

B.	Developing a report application

1.	When one works with a spreadsheet to develop a report, there are three kinds of things to express

a)	Format
the way the report will look when printed

b)	Formulas
the way summary values are calculated

c)	Detail data
the values that will be reported upon

2.	Once a spreadsheet report is developed, one can...


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a)	Format
the way the report will look when printed

b)	Formulas
the way summary values are calculated

c)	Detail data
the values that will be reported upon


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

B.	Developing a report application

2.	Once a spreadsheet report is developed, one can save a copy with just the format and formulas

a)	Such a spreadsheet is often referred to as a te...

b)	To produce a new report of the same type:

(1)	Make of copy of the template, giving it an appropriate name

(2)	Fill in the new detail data

(3)	Save and print the new report

C.	What-if processing is ano...


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(1)	Make of copy of the template, giving it an appropriate name

(2)	Fill in the new detail data

(3)	Save and print the new report


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

B.	Developing a report application

1.	When one works with a spreadsheet to develop a ...

2.	Once a spreadsheet report is developed, one can save a copy with just the format and formulas

a)	Such a spreadsheet is often referred to as a template

b)	To produce a new report of the same type:

C.	What-if processing is ano...


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

B.	Developing a report application

1.	When one works with a spreadsheet to develop a ...

2.	Once a spreadsheet report is developed, one can save a copy with just the format and formulas

a)	Such a spreadsheet is often referred to as a template

(No Subheadings)

b)	To produce a new report of the same type:

C.	What-if processing is ano...


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

A.	Model is more structured than word processing...

B.	Developing a report application

1.	When one works with a spreadsheet to develop a report, there are three kinds of things to express

2.	Once a spreadsheet report is developed, one can save a copy with just the format and formulas

C.	What-if processing is ano...


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

C.	What-if processing is another major application of spreadsheets

1.	Because formulas are instantly recalculated, scenarios may be quickly tested

a)	This is sometimes called number crunching

2.	For instance, business rules and assumptions ca...


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This is sometimes called number crunching


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

C.	What-if processing is another major application of spreadsheets

1.	Because formulas are instantly recalculated, sc...

2.	For instance, business rules and assumptions can be put into formulas, and various parameters can be adjusted to see what the result will be

a)	Example: What will happen  if the interest rate is 9% instead of 8%?

XI.	Presentation graphics


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Example: What will happen  if the interest rate is 9% instead of 8%?


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

B.	Developing a report application...

C.	What-if processing is another major application of spreadsheets

1.	Because formulas are instantly recalculated, scenarios may be quickly tested

2.	For instance, business rules and assumptions can be put into formulas, and various parameters can be adjusted to see what the result will be

XI.	Presentation graphics


Topic
X.	Spreadsheets

A.	Model is more structured than word processing

B.	Developing a report application

C.	What-if processing is another major application of spreadsheets

XI.	Presentation graphics


Topic
XI.	Presentation graphics

C.	Several formats are possible

1.	Line chart

a)	Good for a time series progression to show trends

2.	Pie chart...


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Good for a time series progression to show trends


Topic
XI.	Presentation graphics

C.	Several formats are possible

1.	Line chart...

2.	Pie chart

a)	Shows proportions of a total

3.	Bar chart...


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Shows proportions of a total


Topic
XI.	Presentation graphics

C.	Several formats are possible

2.	Pie chart...

3.	Bar chart

a)	Can show both time series and proportions

D.	Control over the look and labeling is provided...


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Can show both time series and proportions


Topic
XI.	Presentation graphics

B.	Data is graphically presented for easier compre...

C.	Several formats are possible

1.	Line chart

2.	Pie chart

3.	Bar chart

D.	Control over the look and labeling is provided...


Topic
XI.	Presentation graphics

D.	Control over the look and labeling is provided...

E.	Experiments can be used to find the most meaningful type of chart for a particular application

a)	This is possible because a graphic can be created or modified in seconds

XII.	Algorithms


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This is possible because a graphic can be created or modified in seconds


Topic
XI.	Presentation graphics

A.	Data from spreadsheets (as well as other sources) may be used as input to produce presentation graphics

B.	Data is graphically presented for easier comprehension by people

C.	Several formats are possible

D.	Control over the look and labeling is provided

E.	Experiments can be used to find the most meaningful type of chart for a particular application

XII.	Algorithms


Topic
XI.	Presentation graphics

A.	Data from spreadsheets (as well as other source...

B.	Data is graphically presented for easier comprehension by people

(No Subheadings)

C.	Several formats are possible

D.	Control over the look and labeling is provided

E.	Experiments can be used to find the most meaningful type of chart for a particular application

XII.	Algorithms


Topic
XI.	Presentation graphics

C.	Several formats are possible...

D.	Control over the look and labeling is provided

(No Subheadings)

E.	Experiments can be used to find the most meaningful type of chart for a particular application

XII.	Algorithms


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

A.	An algorithm is a precise set of instructions that if followed will achieve a certain result in a finite amount of time

2.	A more formalized example is the algorithm that...

3.	Often multiple algorithms are known for achieving the same result

a)	Example: another way to multiply numbers

b)	Some algorithms are better than others because they require less computation or the knowledge of fewer facts

B.	Some algorithms are not algorit...


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a)	Example: another way to multiply numbers

b)	Some algorithms are better than others because they require less computation or the knowledge of fewer facts


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

A.	An algorithm is a precise set of instructions that if followed will achieve a certain result in a finite amount of time

1.	An example of an algorithm is a cooking recipe

2.	A more formalized example is the algorithm that North Americans use for multiplying numbers

3.	Often multiple algorithms are known for achieving the same result

B.	Some algorithms are not algorit...


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

A.	An algorithm is a precise set of instructions that if followed will achieve a certain result in a finite amount of time

1.	An example of an algorithm is a cooking recipe...

2.	A more formalized example is the algorithm that North Americans use for multiplying numbers

(No Subheadings)

3.	Often multiple algorithms are known for achieving the same result

B.	Some algorithms are not algorit...


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

B.	Some algorithms are not algorithms in the practical sense

1.	They require too much time or memory...

2.	Example: an algorithm that plays perfect chess could be written by a novice programmer that had only just been taught the rules of chess

a)	Unfortunately, if the entire universe where built into a huge computer and the game lasted until the end of time, the computer would not be able to make its first move

C.	Some things cannot in principle be computed by ...


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Unfortunately, if the entire universe where built into a huge computer and the game lasted until the end of time, the computer would not be able to make its first move


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

A.	An algorithm is a precise set of instructions t...

B.	Some algorithms are not algorithms in the practical sense

1.	They require too much time or memory

2.	Example: an algorithm that plays perfect chess could be written by a novice programmer that had only just been taught the rules of chess

C.	Some things cannot in principle be computed by ...


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

A.	An algorithm is a precise set of instructions t...

B.	Some algorithms are not algorithms in the practical sense

1.	They require too much time or memory

(No Subheadings)

2.	Example: an algorithm that plays perfect chess could be written by a novice programmer that had only just been taught the rules of chess

C.	Some things cannot in principle be computed by ...


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

C.	Some things cannot in principle be computed by an algorithm

1.	Example: Deciding whether another algorithm will halt, or has an infinite loop

a)	If such an algorithm existed, it could have proved or disproved Fermat's last theorem, whichmathematicians have been working on for centuries and which was not actaully proved until 1994.

D.	Specification of algorithms...


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If such an algorithm existed, it could have proved or disproved Fermat's last theorem, whichmathematicians have been working on for centuries and which was not actaully proved until 1994.


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

B.	Some algorithms are not algorit...

C.	Some things cannot in principle be computed by an algorithm

1.	Example: Deciding whether another algorithm will halt, or has an infinite loop

D.	Specification of algorithms...


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

D.	Specification of algorithms

2.	To make the descriptions more precise, as well as more compact, artificial languages have been developed

a)	For human use

(1)	Flowcharts

(2)	Pseudocode

b)	For computer use...


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(1)	Flowcharts

(2)	Pseudocode


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

D.	Specification of algorithms

2.	To make the descriptions more precise, as well as more compact, artificial languages have been developed

a)	For human use...

b)	For computer use

(1)	Programming languages

E.	At the bottom level, everything that a computer...


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Programming languages


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

D.	Specification of algorithms

1.	It is possible to unambiguously tell someone ex...

2.	To make the descriptions more precise, as well as more compact, artificial languages have been developed

a)	For human use

b)	For computer use

E.	At the bottom level, everything that a computer...


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

C.	Some things cannot in principle be computed by ...

D.	Specification of algorithms

1.	It is possible to unambiguously tell someone exactly how to do something using a natural language, such as English, but it is not easy

2.	To make the descriptions more precise, as well as more compact, artificial languages have been developed

E.	At the bottom level, everything that a computer...


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

C.	Some things cannot in principle be computed by ...

D.	Specification of algorithms

1.	It is possible to unambiguously tell someone exactly how to do something using a natural language, such as English, but it is not easy

(No Subheadings)

2.	To make the descriptions more precise, as well as more compact, artificial languages have been developed

E.	At the bottom level, everything that a computer...


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

D.	Specification of algorithms...

E.	At the bottom level, everything that a computer does is directed by an algorithm

1.	Declarative languages work only because algorithms have been written to interpret their meaning

XIII.	Database Systems


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Declarative languages work only because algorithms have been written to interpret their meaning


Topic
XII.	Algorithms

A.	An algorithm is a precise set of instructions that if followed will achieve a certain result in a finite amount of time

B.	Some algorithms are not algorithms in the practical sense

C.	Some things cannot in principle be computed by an algorithm

D.	Specification of algorithms

E.	At the bottom level, everything that a computer does is directed by an algorithm

XIII.	Database Systems


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

2.	Database management software is potentially the most powerful of the general software tools because it allows you define a database system

a)	A database system allows information to be deri...

b)	To provide the information, however, the entities and relationships of the application must be specified precisely in a data model

(1)	Planning is required to model all the aspects of the endeavor that will be needed for the application

(2)	Database general software is the most structured of the general software packages we will study

3.	A database is defined using a particular data m...


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(1)	Planning is required to model all the aspects of the endeavor that will be needed for the application

(2)	Database general software is the most structured of the general software packages we will study


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

1.	Definition: A database system (sometimes c...

2.	Database management software is potentially the most powerful of the general software tools because it allows you define a database system

a)	A database system allows information to be derived from the data in unanticipated ways

b)	To provide the information, however, the entities and relationships of the application must be specified precisely in a data model

3.	A database is defined using a particular data m...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

1.	Definition: A database system (sometimes c...

2.	Database management software is potentially the most powerful of the general software tools because it allows you define a database system

a)	A database system allows information to be derived from the data in unanticipated ways

(No Subheadings)

b)	To provide the information, however, the entities and relationships of the application must be specified precisely in a data model

3.	A database is defined using a particular data m...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(1)	It is newer than the hierarchical and network ...

(2)	The data is modeled as a set of tables

(a)	The set of tables without any data entered (only headings) is called the database definition or data model

(b)	Adding the data makes it a database

(3)	Each table ...


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(a)	The set of tables without any data entered (only headings) is called the database definition or data model

(b)	Adding the data makes it a database


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(2)	The data is modeled as a set of tables...

(3)	Each table

(a)	Has a name unique among the tables in the database

(b)	Contains records, one for each entity or relationship it describes

(c)	Example: the STUDENT table contains a record for each student

(4)	Each record...


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(a)	Has a name unique among the tables in the database

(b)	Contains records, one for each entity or relationship it describes

(c)	Example: the STUDENT table contains a record for each student


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(4)	Each record

(a)	Is identified uniquely (within the table) by a certain field or combination of fields

(i)	This is called the key of the table...

(ii)	Usually, this is a single field

(a)	Ex: SOCIAL_SEC_NUM could be the key of the STUDENT table

(iii)	Sometimes, more than one field is used for t...


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Ex: SOCIAL_SEC_NUM could be the key of the STUDENT table


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(4)	Each record

(a)	Is identified uniquely (within the table) by a certain field or combination of fields

(ii)	Usually, this is a single field...

(iii)	Sometimes, more than one field is used for the key

(a)	Called a composite key

(b)	Ex: DEPT_CODE and COURSE_NUM together make up the key of the COURSE_CATALOG table

(b)	Contains fields that describe the entity or re...


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(a)	Called a composite key

(b)	Ex: DEPT_CODE and COURSE_NUM together make up the key of the COURSE_CATALOG table


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(4)	Each record

(a)	Is identified uniquely (within the table) by a certain field or combination of fields

(i)	This is called the key of the table

(ii)	Usually, this is a single field

(iii)	Sometimes, more than one field is used for the key

(b)	Contains fields that describe the entity or re...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(4)	Each record

(a)	Is identified uniquely (within the table) by a certain field or combination of fields

(i)	This is called the key of the table

(No Subheadings)

(ii)	Usually, this is a single field

(iii)	Sometimes, more than one field is used for the key

(b)	Contains fields that describe the entity or re...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(4)	Each record

(a)	Is identified uniquely (within the table) by a...

(b)	Contains fields that describe the entity or relationship

(i)	Each record of the same table has the same fields

(5)	Each field...


Popup
Each record of the same table has the same fields


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(3)	Each table ...

(4)	Each record

(a)	Is identified uniquely (within the table) by a certain field or combination of fields

(b)	Contains fields that describe the entity or relationship

(5)	Each field...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(5)	Each field

(a)	Has a name that is unique within the fields of...

(b)	Is defined to contain a only certain type of data

(i)	Numeric

(ii)	Alphabetic

(iii)	Date

(iv)	Other types of information

(c)	Example: ...


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(i)	Numeric

(ii)	Alphabetic

(iii)	Date

(iv)	Other types of information


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(5)	Each field

(b)	Is defined to contain a only certain type of d...

(c)	Example:

(i)	Field name:	Pay_rate

(ii)	Data type:	Currency

(iii)	A possible value:	$6.45

B.	Database design...


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(i)	Field name:	Pay_rate

(ii)	Data type:	Currency

(iii)	A possible value:	$6.45


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(4)	Each record...

(5)	Each field

(a)	Has a name that is unique within the fields of the table

(b)	Is defined to contain a only certain type of data

(c)	Example:

B.	Database design...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(4)	Each record...

(5)	Each field

(a)	Has a name that is unique within the fields of the table

(No Subheadings)

(b)	Is defined to contain a only certain type of data

(c)	Example:

B.	Database design...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

b)	The data model specifies the kinds of real worl...

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(1)	It is newer than the hierarchical and network approaches

(2)	The data is modeled as a set of tables

(3)	Each table

(4)	Each record

(5)	Each field

B.	Database design...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

b)	The data model specifies the kinds of real worl...

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

(1)	It is newer than the hierarchical and network approaches

(No Subheadings)

(2)	The data is modeled as a set of tables

(3)	Each table

(4)	Each record

(5)	Each field

B.	Database design...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

2.	Database management software is potentially the...

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

a)	The database modeling approach is the language in which entity types and relationship types are defined

b)	The data model specifies the kinds of real world entities and relationships that can be represented in a particular database

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

B.	Database design...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

2.	Database management software is potentially the...

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

a)	The database modeling approach is the language ...

b)	The data model specifies the kinds of real world entities and relationships that can be represented in a particular database

(No Subheadings)

c)	We will use the relational database modeling approach

B.	Database design...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

1.	Definition: A database system (sometimes called simply a database) is repository of information about entities (persons, places, things and ideas) and the relationships between them (verbs)

2.	Database management software is potentially the most powerful of the general software tools because it allows you define a database system

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

B.	Database design...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

1.	Definition: A database system (sometimes called simply a database) is repository of information about entities (persons, places, things and ideas) and the relationships between them (verbs)

(No Subheadings)

2.	Database management software is potentially the most powerful of the general software tools because it allows you define a database system

3.	A database is defined using a particular data modeling approach

B.	Database design...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

2.	Modeling an entity type (person, place, thing, or idea)

a)	A table is created...

b)	The key of the table matches each instance of the entity to exactly one table record

(1)	Example SOCIAL_SEC_NUM could be the key of the STUDENT table.  The student name would not be a good key because two students might have the same name

c)	The record contains a non-key field for each si...


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Example SOCIAL_SEC_NUM could be the key of the STUDENT table.  The student name would not be a good key because two students might have the same name


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

1.	As a first step in designing a database model, ...

2.	Modeling an entity type (person, place, thing, or idea)

a)	A table is created

b)	The key of the table matches each instance of the entity to exactly one table record

c)	The record contains a non-key field for each singular attribute of the entity (Ex: height, weight, gender)

3.	Modeling a one-to-many re...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

1.	As a first step in designing a database model, ...

2.	Modeling an entity type (person, place, thing, or idea)

a)	A table is created

(No Subheadings)

b)	The key of the table matches each instance of the entity to exactly one table record

c)	The record contains a non-key field for each singular attribute of the entity (Ex: height, weight, gender)

3.	Modeling a one-to-many re...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

1.	As a first step in designing a database model, ...

2.	Modeling an entity type (person, place, thing, or idea)

b)	The key of the table matches each instance of t...

c)	The record contains a non-key field for each singular attribute of the entity (Ex: height, weight, gender)

(No Subheadings)

3.	Modeling a one-to-many re...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

3.	Modeling a one-to-many relationship

b)	Add a field to table representing the entity on the many side of the onetomany relationship

(2)	The foreign key field creates a one-to-many re...

(3)	Example: The ADVISOR_SSN field of the STUDENT table creates a relationship to the ADVISOR table

(a)	From the point of view of a student record, a single ADVISOR record will be matched, so that the advisors PHONE may be found, for instance

(b)	From the point of view of an ADVISOR record, many STUDENT records may be found that have its ADVISOR_SSN, and they may all be printed on a report to be given to the advisor, for instance

4.	Modeling a manytomany...


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(a)	From the point of view of a student record, a single ADVISOR record will be matched, so that the advisors PHONE may be found, for instance

(b)	From the point of view of an ADVISOR record, many STUDENT records may be found that have its ADVISOR_SSN, and they may all be printed on a report to be given to the advisor, for instance


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

3.	Modeling a one-to-many relationship

a)	Example: A STUDENT has one ADVISOR, while an AD...

b)	Add a field to table representing the entity on the many side of the onetomany relationship

(1)	This is called a foreign key field

(2)	The foreign key field creates a one-to-many relationship with the entity modeled by other table

(3)	Example: The ADVISOR_SSN field of the STUDENT table creates a relationship to the ADVISOR table

4.	Modeling a manytomany...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

3.	Modeling a one-to-many relationship

a)	Example: A STUDENT has one ADVISOR, while an AD...

b)	Add a field to table representing the entity on the many side of the onetomany relationship

(1)	This is called a foreign key field...

(2)	The foreign key field creates a one-to-many relationship with the entity modeled by other table

(No Subheadings)

(3)	Example: The ADVISOR_SSN field of the STUDENT table creates a relationship to the ADVISOR table

4.	Modeling a manytomany...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

2.	Modeling an entity type (person, place, th...

3.	Modeling a one-to-many relationship

a)	Example: A STUDENT has one ADVISOR, while an ADVISOR has many STUDENTs that he or she advises

b)	Add a field to table representing the entity on the many side of the onetomany relationship

4.	Modeling a manytomany...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

2.	Modeling an entity type (person, place, th...

3.	Modeling a one-to-many relationship

a)	Example: A STUDENT has one ADVISOR, while an ADVISOR has many STUDENTs that he or she advises

(No Subheadings)

b)	Add a field to table representing the entity on the many side of the onetomany relationship

4.	Modeling a manytomany...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

4.	Modeling a manytomany relationship

b)	Create a new table with a composite key (a key made up of two or more fields)

(1)	The fields of the key are key fields of tables that model the entities that have the relationship

(a)	The table will contain a record for each combi...

(b)	Example: COURSES_TAKEN table

(i)	The SOCIAL_SEC_NUM (the key of the STUDENT table) together with DEPT_CODE and COURSE_NUM (the key of the COURSE_CATALOG)  make up its key

(2)	The table may contain other fields that descri...


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The SOCIAL_SEC_NUM (the key of the STUDENT table) together with DEPT_CODE and COURSE_NUM (the key of the COURSE_CATALOG)  make up its key


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

4.	Modeling a manytomany relationship

b)	Create a new table with a composite key (a key made up of two or more fields)

(1)	The fields of the key are key fields of tables that model the entities that have the relationship

(a)	The table will contain a record for each combination of key values for which the relationship exists

(b)	Example: COURSES_TAKEN table

(2)	The table may contain other fields that descri...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

4.	Modeling a manytomany relationship

b)	Create a new table with a composite key (a key made up of two or more fields)

(1)	The fields of the key are key fields of tables that model the entities that have the relationship

(a)	The table will contain a record for each combination of key values for which the relationship exists

(No Subheadings)

(b)	Example: COURSES_TAKEN table

(2)	The table may contain other fields that descri...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

4.	Modeling a manytomany relationship

b)	Create a new table with a composite key (a key made up of two or more fields)

(1)	The fields of the key are key fields of tables...

(2)	The table may contain other fields that describe the relationship

(a)	Example:  The COURSES_TAKEN table should have a non-key field called GRADE

C.	Normal Forms...


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Example:  The COURSES_TAKEN table should have a non-key field called GRADE


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

4.	Modeling a manytomany relationship

a)	Example: a STUDENT has taken many COURSEs, whil...

b)	Create a new table with a composite key (a key made up of two or more fields)

(1)	The fields of the key are key fields of tables that model the entities that have the relationship

(2)	The table may contain other fields that describe the relationship

C.	Normal Forms...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

3.	Modeling a one-to-many re...

4.	Modeling a manytomany relationship

a)	Example: a STUDENT has taken many COURSEs, while a COURSE has been taken by many STUDENTs

b)	Create a new table with a composite key (a key made up of two or more fields)

C.	Normal Forms...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design

3.	Modeling a one-to-many re...

4.	Modeling a manytomany relationship

a)	Example: a STUDENT has taken many COURSEs, while a COURSE has been taken by many STUDENTs

(No Subheadings)

b)	Create a new table with a composite key (a key made up of two or more fields)

C.	Normal Forms...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts...

B.	Database design

1.	As a first step in designing a database model, you look for entities (persons, places, things, or ideas) and relationships between them (verbs)

2.	Modeling an entity type (person, place, thing, or idea)

3.	Modeling a one-to-many relationship

4.	Modeling a manytomany relationship

C.	Normal Forms...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts...

B.	Database design

1.	As a first step in designing a database model, you look for entities (persons, places, things, or ideas) and relationships between them (verbs)

(No Subheadings)

2.	Modeling an entity type (person, place, thing, or idea)

3.	Modeling a one-to-many relationship

4.	Modeling a manytomany relationship

C.	Normal Forms...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

C.	Normal Forms

1.	When designing a database using the relational database modeling approach, there are three guideposts to a good design, the first, second, and third normal formrules.  If all three are met for all tables, the database design is in third normal form, which is desirable.  Fortunately, if you think about entities and relationships as you design the database, you should naturally get third normal form!

a)	First normal form: For a particular key value (i.e. entity or relationship) there is only one value in each field of the record

(2)	Although it seems unnatural, this rule is need...

(3)	Most people dont like this rule at first and try not to follow it, which is a big mistake

(a)	If you have fields named HOBBY1, HOBBY2, HOBBY3, etc., you are trying to get around this rule

b)	Second normal form: The table is in first norma...


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If you have fields named HOBBY1, HOBBY2, HOBBY3, etc., you are trying to get around this rule


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

C.	Normal Forms

1.	When designing a database using the relational database modeling approach, there are three guideposts to a good design, the first, second, and third normal formrules.  If all three are met for all tables, the database design is in third normal form, which is desirable.  Fortunately, if you think about entities and relationships as you design the database, you should naturally get third normal form!

a)	First normal form: For a particular key value (i.e. entity or relationship) there is only one value in each field of the record

(1)	Example: You would not store HOBBY in the STUDENT table, because a student may have more than one hobby.  In fact, there is really a many-to-many relatationship between the student and hobby entities

(2)	Although it seems unnatural, this rule is needed for everything else in the relational approach to work

(3)	Most people dont like this rule at first and try not to follow it, which is a big mistake

b)	Second normal form: The table is in first norma...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

C.	Normal Forms

1.	When designing a database using the relational database modeling approach, there are three guideposts to a good design, the first, second, and third normal formrules.  If all three are met for all tables, the database design is in third normal form, which is desirable.  Fortunately, if you think about entities and relationships as you design the database, you should naturally get third normal form!

a)	First normal form: For a particular key value (i.e. entity or relationship) there is only one value in each field of the record

(1)	...

(2)	Although it seems unnatural, this rule is needed for everything else in the relational approach to work

(No Subheadings)

(3)	Most people dont like this rule at first and try not to follow it, which is a big mistake

b)	Second normal form: The table is in first norma...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

C.	Normal Forms

1.	When designing a database using the relational database modeling approach, there are three guideposts to a good design, the first, second, and third normal formrules.  If all three are met for all tables, the database design is in third normal form, which is desirable.  Fortunately, if you think about entities and relationships as you design the database, you should naturally get third normal form!

b)	Second normal form: The table is in first normal form, plus, if the key is composite (made up of more than one field), you cannot determine another fields value unless you know the whole k

(1)	Example: You would not store the DEPARTMENT_HEAD in the COURSE_CATALOG table.

(a)  This violates the rule because you know the DEPARTMENT_HEAD without having to know the COURSE_NUM

(b) You would have to repeat the DEPARTMENT head for each course offered in the department

(c)	To reduce redundancy, the field should be moved to a table that has just enough key to determine it, in this case the DEPARTMENT table

c)	Third normal form: The table is in second norma...


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(a)  This violates the rule because you know the DEPARTMENT_HEAD without having to know the COURSE_NUM

(b) You would have to repeat the DEPARTMENT head for each course offered in the department

(c)	To reduce redundancy, the field should be moved to a table that has just enough key to determine it, in this case the DEPARTMENT table


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

C.	Normal Forms

1.	When designing a database using the relational database modeling approach, there are three guideposts to a good design, the first, second, and third normal formrules.  If all three are met for all tables, the database design is in third normal form, which is desirable.  Fortunately, if you think about entities and relationships as you design the database, you should naturally get third normal form!

a)	First normal form: For a particular key value (...

b)	Second normal form: The table is in first normal form, plus, if the key is composite (made up of more than one field), you cannot determine another fields value unless you know the whole k

(1)	Example: You would not store the DEPARTMENT_HEAD in the COURSE_CATALOG table.

c)	Third normal form: The table is in second norma...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

C.	Normal Forms

1.	When designing a database using the relational database modeling approach, there are three guideposts to a good design, the first, second, and third normal formrules.  If all three are met for all tables, the database design is in third normal form, which is desirable.  Fortunately, if you think about entities and relationships as you design the database, you should naturally get third normal form!

c)	Third normal form: The table is in second normal form, plus, the value in each field should depend directly on the key without depending on the value of any other field

(1)	Example: The STUDENT table has an ADVISOR_SSN field

(a)	You would not also put the ADVISOR_PHONE in th...

(b)	This rule also reduces redundancy by forcing you to move fields that depend on a non-key field  to a table where it depends only on the key

(i)	Because there is only one record with a particular key, the value will be stored only once

(ii)	In this case the ADVISOR_PHONE should be in the ADVISOR table

d)	The rules can be summarized in an easy to remem...


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(i)	Because there is only one record with a particular key, the value will be stored only once

(ii)	In this case the ADVISOR_PHONE should be in the ADVISOR table


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

C.	Normal Forms

1.	When designing a database using the relational database modeling approach, there are three guideposts to a good design, the first, second, and third normal formrules.  If all three are met for all tables, the database design is in third normal form, which is desirable.  Fortunately, if you think about entities and relationships as you design the database, you should naturally get third normal form!

c)	Third normal form: The table is in second normal form, plus, the value in each field should depend directly on the key without depending on the value of any other field

(1)	Example: The STUDENT table has an ADVISOR_SSN field

(a)	You would not also put the ADVISOR_PHONE in that table, because it depends on who the advisor is, not directly on the student

(b)	This rule also reduces redundancy by forcing you to move fields that depend on a non-key field  to a table where it depends only on the key

d)	The rules can be summarized in an easy to remem...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

C.	Normal Forms

1.	When designing a database using the relational database modeling approach, there are three guideposts to a good design, the first, second, and third normal formrules.  If all three are met for all tables, the database design is in third normal form, which is desirable.  Fortunately, if you think about entities and relationships as you design the database, you should naturally get third normal form!

c)	Third normal form: The table is in second normal form, plus, the value in each field should depend directly on the key without depending on the value of any other field

(1)	Example: The STUDENT table has an ADVISOR_SSN field

(a)	You would not also put the ADVISOR_PHONE in that table, because it depends on who the advisor is, not directly on the student

(No Subheadings)

(b)	This rule also reduces redundancy by forcing you to move fields that depend on a non-key field  to a table where it depends only on the key

d)	The rules can be summarized in an easy to remem...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

C.	Normal Forms

1.	When designing a database using the relational database modeling approach, there are three guideposts to a good design, the first, second, and third normal formrules.  If all three are met for all tables, the database design is in third normal form, which is desirable.  Fortunately, if you think about entities and relationships as you design the database, you should naturally get third normal form!

b)	Second normal form: The table is in first norma...

c)	Third normal form: The table is in second normal form, plus, the value in each field should depend directly on the key without depending on the value of any other field

(1)	Example: The STUDENT table has an ADVISOR_SSN field

d)	The rules can be summarized in an easy to remem...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

C.	Normal Forms

1.	When designing a database using the relational database modeling approach, there are three guideposts to a good design, the first, second, and third normal formrules.  If all three are met for all tables, the database design is in third normal form, which is desirable.  Fortunately, if you think about entities and relationships as you design the database, you should naturally get third normal form!

c)	Third normal form: The table is in second norma...

d)	The rules can be summarized in an easy to remember phrase: Each non-key field in a table record should depend on the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key

(1)	The phrase depend on the key should be taken to mean that if you know the value of the key, you know the specific value of the field, not a list of values

D.	Implementing database applications...


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The phrase depend on the key should be taken to mean that if you know the value of the key, you know the specific value of the field, not a list of values


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

C.	Normal Forms

1.	When designing a database using the relational database modeling approach, there are three guideposts to a good design, the first, second, and third normal formrules.  If all three are met for all tables, the database design is in third normal form, which is desirable.  Fortunately, if you think about entities and relationships as you design the database, you should naturally get third normal form!

a)	First normal form: For a particular key value (i.e. entity or relationship) there is only one value in each field of the record

b)	Second normal form: The table is in first normal form, plus, if the key is composite (made up of more than one field), you cannot determine another fields value unless you know the whole k

c)	Third normal form: The table is in second normal form, plus, the value in each field should depend directly on the key without depending on the value of any other field

d)	The rules can be summarized in an easy to remember phrase: Each non-key field in a table record should depend on the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key

D.	Implementing database applications...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

B.	Database design...

C.	Normal Forms

1.	When designing a database using the relational database modeling approach, there are three guideposts to a good design, the first, second, and third normal formrules.  If all three are met for all tables, the database design is in third normal form, which is desirable.  Fortunately, if you think about entities and relationships as you design the database, you should naturally get third normal form!

D.	Implementing database applications...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

D.	Implementing database applications

1.	Once the database has been designed, it can be implemented in one of three ways

a)	Procedural programming using files

b)	Declarativly, using database management general software

c)	A combination of procedural programming and database software

2.	...


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a)	Procedural programming using files

b)	Declarativly, using database management general software

c)	A combination of procedural programming and database software


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

D.	Implementing database applications

1.	Once the database has been designed, it can be ...

2.	Database management software based on the relational database modeling approach does not usually have a direct way to specify which tables represent entities and which tables represent many-to-many relationships, or which fields are foreign keys that create relationships with records in other tables

a)	This is unfortunate: Some researchers are studying other approaches

3.	In Paradox, we will create a data mo...


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This is unfortunate: Some researchers are studying other approaches


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

D.	Implementing database applications

2.	...

3.	In Paradox, we will create a data model for each way the data is used (reports and forms).

a)	In Paradox the term data model refers to a graphical representation of the links that locate related records

b)	It  does not allow us to define all the relationships once and for all, or to differentiate between entity and relationship tables

c)	However, it is quite advanced over other database management software available for the PC.

E.	Query operations on relational databases...


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a)	In Paradox the term data model refers to a graphical representation of the links that locate related records

b)	It  does not allow us to define all the relationships once and for all, or to differentiate between entity and relationship tables

c)	However, it is quite advanced over other database management software available for the PC.


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

C.	Normal Forms...

D.	Implementing database applications

1.	Once the database has been designed, it can be implemented in one of three ways

2.	Database management software based on the relational database modeling approach does not usually have a direct way to specify which tables represent entities and which tables represent many-to-many relationships, or which fields are foreign keys that create relationships with records in other tables

3.	In Paradox, we will create a data model for each way the data is used (reports and forms).

E.	Query operations on relational databases...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

E.	Query operations on relational databases

2.	A query typically involves one or more of the following operations

a)	Restriction

(1)	Select a subset of a tables records based on some condition(s) regarding the values in each records fields

b)	Projection...


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Select a subset of a tables records based on some condition(s) regarding the values in each records fields


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

E.	Query operations on relational databases

2.	A query typically involves one or more of the following operations

a)	Restriction...

b)	Projection

(1)	Select a subset of a tables fields and eliminate duplicate rows in the columns that remain

(2)	This is the way a summary can be specified

c)	Join...


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(1)	Select a subset of a tables fields and eliminate duplicate rows in the columns that remain

(2)	This is the way a summary can be specified


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

E.	Query operations on relational databases

2.	A query typically involves one or more of the following operations

b)	Projection...

c)	Join

(1)	For two tables, for each record in the first table find the record in the second table that matches it

(2)	The query will contain fields from both tables, for each match

(3)	This is a way foreign key fields can be used to find related records

3.	...


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(1)	For two tables, for each record in the first table find the record in the second table that matches it

(2)	The query will contain fields from both tables, for each match

(3)	This is a way foreign key fields can be used to find related records


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

E.	Query operations on relational databases

1.	Paradox and other packages based on the relatio...

2.	A query typically involves one or more of the following operations

a)	Restriction

b)	Projection

c)	Join

3.	...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

E.	Query operations on relational databases

3.	Two languages are widely available to specify queries.  They specify the properties of the answer, not what to do to get the answer.  They produce an output table (the answer table) from one or more input tables.

a)	Structured Query Language (SQL)

(1)	Textual

(2)	Many operations can be implicitly specified in one command

(3)	Example:
SELECT STUDENT.NAME, ADVISOR.PHONE
FROM STUDENT, ADVISOR
WHERE STUDENT.ADVISOR_SSN = ADVISOR. SSN AND ADVISOR.DEPT_CODE="C SC"

b)	Query By Example (QBE)...


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(1)	Textual

(2)	Many operations can be implicitly specified in one command

(3)	Example:
SELECT STUDENT.NAME, ADVISOR.PHONE
FROM STUDENT, ADVISOR
WHERE STUDENT.ADVISOR_SSN = ADVISOR. SSN AND ADVISOR.DEPT_CODE="C SC"


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

E.	Query operations on relational databases

3.	Two languages are widely available to specify queries.  They specify the properties of the answer, not what to do to get the answer.  They produce an output table (the answer table) from one or more input tables.

b)	Query By Example (QBE)

(1)	Tabular/Textual interface

(a)	It uses templates to represent tables and fields, so those names are not typed as in SQL

(b)	Selection is done with specific values or ranges of values typed into the fields of an input table template.  Only records with the specified field value(s) will be selected

(c)	Projection is done by selecting the fields for the output table template

(d)	Joins are done by specifying fields to be matched by placing an identical example value in the field of each of the tables to be matched

F.	QBE is available in Paradox...


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(a)	It uses templates to represent tables and fields, so those names are not typed as in SQL

(b)	Selection is done with specific values or ranges of values typed into the fields of an input table template.  Only records with the specified field value(s) will be selected

(c)	Projection is done by selecting the fields for the output table template

(d)	Joins are done by specifying fields to be matched by placing an identical example value in the field of each of the tables to be matched


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

E.	Query operations on relational databases

3.	Two languages are widely available to specify queries.  They specify the properties of the answer, not what to do to get the answer.  They produce an output table (the answer table) from one or more input tables.

a)	Structured Query Language (SQL) ...

b)	Query By Example (QBE)

(1)	Tabular/Textual interface

F.	QBE is available in Paradox...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

E.	Query operations on relational databases

2.	A query typically involves one or more of the f...

3.	Two languages are widely available to specify queries.  They specify the properties of the answer, not what to do to get the answer.  They produce an output table (the answer table) from one or more input tables.

a)	Structured Query Language (SQL)

b)	Query By Example (QBE)

F.	QBE is available in Paradox...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

D.	Implementing database applications...

E.	Query operations on relational databases

1.	Paradox and other packages based on the relational data modeling approach also have query languages

2.	A query typically involves one or more of the following operations

3.	Two languages are widely available to specify queries.  They specify the properties of the answer, not what to do to get the answer.  They produce an output table (the answer table) from one or more input tables.

F.	QBE is available in Paradox...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

D.	Implementing database applications...

E.	Query operations on relational databases

1.	Paradox and other packages based on the relational data modeling approach also have query languages

(No Subheadings)

2.	A query typically involves one or more of the following operations

3.	Two languages are widely available to specify queries.  They specify the properties of the answer, not what to do to get the answer.  They produce an output table (the answer table) from one or more input tables.

F.	QBE is available in Paradox...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

F.	QBE is available in Paradox

1.	In Paradox, QBE is often not needed

a)	The data modeling capability is used to specify the joins (links)

b)	The report and form features are capable of calculating summaries

2.	QBE is needed when using Paradox for:...


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a)	The data modeling capability is used to specify the joins (links)

b)	The report and form features are capable of calculating summaries


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

F.	QBE is available in Paradox

2.	QBE is needed when using Paradox for:

a)	Selection of data to be reported upon

(1)	The data model does not have selection capability

b)	Doing some types of projection for summar...


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The data model does not have selection capability


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

F.	QBE is available in Paradox

1.	In Paradox, QBE is often not needed...

2.	QBE is needed when using Paradox for:

a)	Selection of data to be reported upon

b)	Doing some types of projection for summaries

3.	It is better not to use QBE for joins that...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

F.	QBE is available in Paradox

1.	In Paradox, QBE is often not needed...

2.	QBE is needed when using Paradox for:

a)	Selection of data to be reported upon...

b)	Doing some types of projection for summaries

(No Subheadings)

3.	It is better not to use QBE for joins that...


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

F.	QBE is available in Paradox

2.	QBE is needed when using Paradox for:...

3.	It is better not to use QBE for joins that can be specified with the data model

a)	The data model links are shown graphically, which is more understandable than the QBE tabular format language

b)	The data model approach accesses data as it is needed, instead of generating potentially large output tables that result from QBE

XIV.	Applications software development


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a)	The data model links are shown graphically, which is more understandable than the QBE tabular format language

b)	The data model approach accesses data as it is needed, instead of generating potentially large output tables that result from QBE


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

E.	Query operations on relational databases...

F.	QBE is available in Paradox

1.	In Paradox, QBE is often not needed

2.	QBE is needed when using Paradox for:

3.	It is better not to use QBE for joins that can be specified with the data model

XIV.	Applications software development


Topic
XIII.	Database Systems

A.	Database system concepts

B.	Database design

C.	Normal Forms

D.	Implementing database applications

E.	Query operations on relational databases

F.	QBE is available in Paradox

XIV.	Applications software development


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

B.	Costs

3.	Now 80% of software costs are for maintenance...

4.	This has created a software crisis that is causing two kinds of reaction

a)	Increased use of general and generic software instead of developing from scratch in a procedural language

b)	Increased use of tools and techniques to improve quality and reduce development time of applications written in a procedural language

C.	Every application of computer technology requir...


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a)	Increased use of general and generic software instead of developing from scratch in a procedural language

b)	Increased use of tools and techniques to improve quality and reduce development time of applications written in a procedural language


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

A.	Software to meet the needs of particular applic...

B.	Costs

1.	Costs historically hardware dominated

2.	Now 70% of total computing costs are for software

3.	Now 80% of software costs are for maintenance

4.	This has created a software crisis that is causing two kinds of reaction

C.	Every application of computer technology requir...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

A.	Software to meet the needs of particular applic...

B.	Costs

2.	Now 70% of total computing costs are for softwa...

3.	Now 80% of software costs are for maintenance

(No Subheadings)

4.	This has created a software crisis that is causing two kinds of reaction

C.	Every application of computer technology requir...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

B.	Costs...

C.	Every application of computer technology requires that certain activities occur

1.	Analysis of the problem

2.	Design of the solution

3.	Implementation of the design in software

4.	Usage of the software for the application

D.	Depending on the scope of the application, the ...


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1.	Analysis of the problem

2.	Design of the solution

3.	Implementation of the design in software

4.	Usage of the software for the application


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

C.	Every application of computer technology requir...

D.	Depending on the scope of the application, the activities will vary in duration

1.	For a small system, the analysis may be documented in a single paragraph

2.	Often the activities are intermingled so that it is not clear how much time was spent on each one

E.	Development of applications by power users usin...


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1.	For a small system, the analysis may be documented in a single paragraph

2.	Often the activities are intermingled so that it is not clear how much time was spent on each one


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

D.	Depending on the scope of the application, the ...

E.	Development of applications by power users using general software is not different in principle from the development done by technical personnel

1.	Thinking about the different activities and documenting the results of each one will have a benefit in improving the quality of the system and reducing overall costs

F.	Software development cycle...


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Thinking about the different activities and documenting the results of each one will have a benefit in improving the quality of the system and reducing overall costs


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

a)	Preliminary Study

(1)	Identify a potential application area for improvement

(2)	Conduct cost/benefit analysis

(3)	Propose an application development area that has good potential

b)	Requirements Definition...


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(1)	Identify a potential application area for improvement

(2)	Conduct cost/benefit analysis

(3)	Propose an application development area that has good potential


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

b)	Requirements Definition

(1)	Identify the functions needed

(a)	Define Output

(i)	Content

(ii)	Format

(iii)	Timing

(iv)	Flexibility

(b)	Define Input...


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(i)	Content

(ii)	Format

(iii)	Timing

(iv)	Flexibility


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

b)	Requirements Definition

(1)	Identify the functions needed

(b)	Define Input

(i)	If youre lucky the data will be alread...

(ii)	Procedures for gathering the data not already available

(a)	Data entry and verification has very high costs

(2)	Define constraints...


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Data entry and verification has very high costs


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

b)	Requirements Definition

(1)	Identify the functions needed

(a)	Define Output...

(b)	Define Input

(i)	If youre lucky the data will be already available in the form you need it

(ii)	Procedures for gathering the data not already available

(2)	Define constraints...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

b)	Requirements Definition

(1)	Identify the functions needed

(a)	Define Output...

(b)	Define Input

(i)	If youre lucky the data will be already available in the form you need it

(No Subheadings)

(ii)	Procedures for gathering the data not already available

(2)	Define constraints...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

b)	Requirements Definition

(1)	Identify the functions needed

(a)	Define Output

(b)	Define Input

(2)	Define constraints...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

b)	Requirements Definition

(1)	Identify the functions needed...

(2)	Define constraints

(a)	People constraints

(b)	Facility constraints

(3)	Make or buy decision...


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(a)	People constraints

(b)	Facility constraints


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

b)	Requirements Definition

(3)	Make or buy decision

(a)	You might buy generic software

(i)	Advantage of buying: timing, certainty, cost

(ii)	Disadvantage of buying: It might not be exactly what is needed

(b)	You may develop the software in-house or contr...


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(i)	Advantage of buying: timing, certainty, cost

(ii)	Disadvantage of buying: It might not be exactly what is needed


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

b)	Requirements Definition

(2)	Define constraints...

(3)	Make or buy decision

(a)	You might buy generic software

(b)	You may develop the software in-house or contract it out

(4)	Requirements Specification...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

b)	Requirements Definition

(2)	Define constraints...

(3)	Make or buy decision

(a)	You might buy generic software...

(b)	You may develop the software in-house or contract it out

(No Subheadings)

(4)	Requirements Specification...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

b)	Requirements Definition

(4)	Requirements Specification

(a)	Formalize the results of the requirements definition

(i)	Design the logical data model

(ii)	Formalize the rules of the business policies to be followed

(b)	This phase produces the document that is the c...


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(i)	Design the logical data model

(ii)	Formalize the rules of the business policies to be followed


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

b)	Requirements Definition

(3)	Make or buy decision...

(4)	Requirements Specification

(a)	Formalize the results of the requirements definition

(b)	This phase produces the document that is the contract for the system to be developed

2.	System Design...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

b)	Requirements Definition

(3)	Make or buy decision...

(4)	Requirements Specification

(a)	Formalize the results of the requirements defi...

(b)	This phase produces the document that is the contract for the system to be developed

(No Subheadings)

2.	System Design...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

a)	Preliminary Study...

b)	Requirements Definition

(1)	Identify the functions needed

(2)	Define constraints

(3)	Make or buy decision

(4)	Requirements Specification

2.	System Design...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

a)	Preliminary Study

b)	Requirements Definition

2.	System Design...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

2.	System Design

a)	Analysis concentrated on what the system should do, while design concentrates on how it is to be done

(1)	The user interface is designed

(2)	The physical data representation is designed

(3)	The overall functionality is logically divided into parts that can be more easily understood and implemented

b)	For the design to proceed, the designer must se...


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(1)	The user interface is designed

(2)	The physical data representation is designed

(3)	The overall functionality is logically divided into parts that can be more easily understood and implemented


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

2.	System Design

a)	Analysis concentrated on what the system should...

b)	For the design to proceed, the designer must select

(1)	A hardware platform

(2)	System software

(3)	Computer language(s)

c)	Design techniques and documentation methods mus...


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(1)	A hardware platform

(2)	System software

(3)	Computer language(s)


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

2.	System Design

b)	For the design to proceed, the designer must se...

c)	Design techniques and documentation methods must be chosen

(1)	Structure charts

(2)	Hierarchical Input Process Output (HIPO) charts

(3)	Object Oriented Modeling

d)	Formal design review...


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(1)	Structure charts

(2)	Hierarchical Input Process Output (HIPO) charts

(3)	Object Oriented Modeling


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

2.	System Design

c)	Design techniques and documentation methods mus...

d)	Formal design review

(1)	All concerned parties should agree that the design will provide the functionality identified in the requirements specification

3.	Software Implementation...


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All concerned parties should agree that the design will provide the functionality identified in the requirements specification


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis...

2.	System Design

a)	Analysis concentrated on what the system should do, while design concentrates on how it is to be done

b)	For the design to proceed, the designer must select

c)	Design techniques and documentation methods must be chosen

d)	Formal design review

3.	Software Implementation...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

3.	Software Implementation

a)	For each of the software elements of the design

(2)	Unit test the element

(b)	Compile errors...

(c)	Execution testing

(i)	If bugs are found, debug and test again

(ii)	Otherwise proceed

b)	Integrate the software elements into the comple...


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(i)	If bugs are found, debug and test again

(ii)	Otherwise proceed


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

3.	Software Implementation

a)	For each of the software elements of the design

(1)	Code the implementation...

(2)	Unit test the element

(a)	Desk check

(b)	Compile errors

(c)	Execution testing

b)	Integrate the software elements into the comple...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

3.	Software Implementation

a)	For each of the software elements of the design

(1)	Code the implementation...

(2)	Unit test the element

(a)	Desk check...

(b)	Compile errors

(No Subheadings)

(c)	Execution testing

b)	Integrate the software elements into the comple...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

3.	Software Implementation

a)	For each of the software elements of the design

(1)	Code the implementation

(2)	Unit test the element

b)	Integrate the software elements into the comple...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

3.	Software Implementation

a)	For each of the software elements of the design

(1)	Code the implementation

(No Subheadings)

(2)	Unit test the element

b)	Integrate the software elements into the comple...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

3.	Software Implementation

b)	Integrate the software elements into the comple...

c)	Perform acceptance testing

(1)	All concerned parties should agree that the software implementation provides the functionality identified in the requirements specification

4.	System Documentation...


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All concerned parties should agree that the software implementation provides the functionality identified in the requirements specification


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

2.	System Design...

3.	Software Implementation

a)	For each of the software elements of the design

b)	Integrate the software elements into the complete system

c)	Perform acceptance testing

4.	System Documentation...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

2.	System Design...

3.	Software Implementation

a)	For each of the software elements of the design...

b)	Integrate the software elements into the complete system

(No Subheadings)

c)	Perform acceptance testing

4.	System Documentation...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

3.	Software Implementation...

4.	System Documentation

a)	User

b)	Technical personnel

c)	Operations personnel

5.	System Implementation...


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a)	User

b)	Technical personnel

c)	Operations personnel


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

5.	System Implementation

a)	Installation

(1)	Hardware

(2)	Software

b)	User training...


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(1)	Hardware

(2)	Software


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

4.	System Documentation...

5.	System Implementation

a)	Installation

b)	User training

c)	Conversion from old system

6.	Maintenance...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

4.	System Documentation...

5.	System Implementation

a)	Installation...

b)	User training

(No Subheadings)

c)	Conversion from old system

6.	Maintenance...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

4.	System Documentation...

5.	System Implementation

b)	User training...

c)	Conversion from old system

(No Subheadings)

6.	Maintenance...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle

5.	System Implementation...

6.	Maintenance

a)	Fix bugs as they are found

b)	Major changes in the environment may mean the whole cycle starts again

G.	A mistake can be made (a bug introduced) at any...


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a)	Fix bugs as they are found

b)	Major changes in the environment may mean the whole cycle starts again


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

E.	Development of applications by power users usin...

F.	Software development cycle

1.	Systems Analysis

2.	System Design

3.	Software Implementation

4.	System Documentation

5.	System Implementation

6.	Maintenance

G.	A mistake can be made (a bug introduced) at any...


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

F.	Software development cycle...

G.	A mistake can be made (a bug introduced) at any point in the cycle

1.	If it is caught during the same phase not too much harm is done

2.	If it is caught during a latter phase, a significant amount of work may have to be redone

H.	The system should be re-evaluated at every step...


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1.	If it is caught during the same phase not too much harm is done

2.	If it is caught during a latter phase, a significant amount of work may have to be redone


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

H.	The system should be re-evaluated at every step along the way

2.	A new cost/benefit analysis may indicate a need...

3.	The project will be looked on unfavorably if the overall cost is greater than the benefit or if other applications would be more profitable

a)	The project may be continued as long as the additional cost of completing the application does not exceed the benefit

b)	Runaway application development costs are a well known phenomenon, so canceling a project may be the best choice

XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices


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a)	The project may be continued as long as the additional cost of completing the application does not exceed the benefit

b)	Runaway application development costs are a well known phenomenon, so canceling a project may be the best choice


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

G.	A mistake can be made (a bug introduced) at any...

H.	The system should be re-evaluated at every step along the way

1.	The objectives of the project may decline in relative importance

2.	A new cost/benefit analysis may indicate a need for change

3.	The project will be looked on unfavorably if the overall cost is greater than the benefit or if other applications would be more profitable

XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

G.	A mistake can be made (a bug introduced) at any...

H.	The system should be re-evaluated at every step along the way

1.	The objectives of the project may decline in re...

2.	A new cost/benefit analysis may indicate a need for change

(No Subheadings)

3.	The project will be looked on unfavorably if the overall cost is greater than the benefit or if other applications would be more profitable

XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

A.	Software to meet the needs of particular application

B.	Costs

C.	Every application of computer technology requires that certain activities occur

D.	Depending on the scope of the application, the activities will vary in duration

E.	Development of applications by power users using general software is not different in principle from the development done by technical personnel

F.	Software development cycle

G.	A mistake can be made (a bug introduced) at any point in the cycle

H.	The system should be re-evaluated at every step along the way

XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices


Topic
XIV.	Applications software development

A.	Software to meet the needs of particular application

(No Subheadings)

B.	Costs

C.	Every application of computer technology requires that certain activities occur

D.	Depending on the scope of the application, the activities will vary in duration

E.	Development of applications by power users using general software is not different in principle from the development done by technical personnel

F.	Software development cycle

G.	A mistake can be made (a bug introduced) at any point in the cycle

H.	The system should be re-evaluated at every step along the way

XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

1.	The signal can be carried by:

a)	Wires

b)	Fiber optics

c)	Microwave

d)	Radio

e)	Infrared light

2.	Point-to-point channel: Two parties own the cha...


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a)	Wires

b)	Fiber optics

c)	Microwave

d)	Radio

e)	Infrared light


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

2.	Point-to-point channel: Two parties own the channel

a)	Simplex: direction is fixed, one sender and one...

b)	Half duplex: one sender and one receiver, but the two parties can negotiate the direction and switch it back and forth over time

(1)	Similar to CB radio

c)	Full duplex: two parties communicate; the may s...


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Similar to CB radio


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

2.	Point-to-point channel: Two parties own the channel

b)	Half duplex: one sender and one receiver, but t...

c)	Full duplex: two parties communicate; the may send and receive to and from each other at the same time.

(1)	This are really two sub-channels, one in each direction

(2)	This is hard for people, but easy for computers

3.	BUS channel:  Many parties share the same chann...


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(1)	This are really two sub-channels, one in each direction

(2)	This is hard for people, but easy for computers


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

1.	The signal can be carried by:...

2.	Point-to-point channel: Two parties own the channel

a)	Simplex: direction is fixed, one sender and one receiver use the channel

b)	Half duplex: one sender and one receiver, but the two parties can negotiate the direction and switch it back and forth over time

c)	Full duplex: two parties communicate; the may send and receive to and from each other at the same time.

3.	BUS channel:  Many parties share the same chann...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

1.	The signal can be carried by:...

2.	Point-to-point channel: Two parties own the channel

a)	Simplex: direction is fixed, one sender and one receiver use the channel

(No Subheadings)

b)	Half duplex: one sender and one receiver, but the two parties can negotiate the direction and switch it back and forth over time

c)	Full duplex: two parties communicate; the may send and receive to and from each other at the same time.

3.	BUS channel:  Many parties share the same chann...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

2.	Point-to-point channel: Two parties own the cha...

3.	BUS channel:  Many parties share the same channel

a)	A party that wants to become a sender must obtain exclusive use of the channel and address a message to the intended receiver party

b)	All the parties listen to the BUS channel for messages addressed to themselves, and receive them, and ignore other messages

c)	This is similar to the telephone party lines still in use in some rural areas

d)	BUS channels are cheaper because one channel serves many clients

4.	Channel bandwidth:  The number of  bits per sec...


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a)	A party that wants to become a sender must obtain exclusive use of the channel and address a message to the intended receiver party

b)	All the parties listen to the BUS channel for messages addressed to themselves, and receive them, and ignore other messages

c)	This is similar to the telephone party lines still in use in some rural areas

d)	BUS channels are cheaper because one channel serves many clients


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

4.	Channel bandwidth:  The number of  bits per second (bps) that may be transmitted

a)	Two factors determine the bandwidth of a channel

(1)	The number of bits that are transmitted at the same time

(a)	If it is one, it is called a serial channel

(b)	If more than one, it is called a parallel channel

(2)	The number of bits that may be transmitted, on...


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(a)	If it is one, it is called a serial channel

(b)	If more than one, it is called a parallel channel


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

4.	Channel bandwidth:  The number of  bits per second (bps) that may be transmitted

a)	Two factors determine the bandwidth of a channel

(1)	The number of bits that are transmitted at the same time

(2)	The number of bits that may be transmitted, one after the other, per second

b)	The product of the two factors is the number of...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

4.	Channel bandwidth:  The number of  bits per second (bps) that may be transmitted

a)	Two factors determine the bandwidth of a channel

(1)	The number of bits that are transmitted at the...

(2)	The number of bits that may be transmitted, one after the other, per second

(No Subheadings)

b)	The product of the two factors is the number of...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

3.	BUS channel:  Many parties share the same chann...

4.	Channel bandwidth:  The number of  bits per second (bps) that may be transmitted

a)	Two factors determine the bandwidth of a channel

b)	The product of the two factors is the number of bits per second (bps) of the channel

c)	It is cheaper to use a serial channel because it requires fewer wires (parallel requires at least a wire per bit)

d)	Parallel is faster, given the same number of bits that may be transmitted, one after the other, per second

B.	Communications within a computer...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

3.	BUS channel:  Many parties share the same chann...

4.	Channel bandwidth:  The number of  bits per second (bps) that may be transmitted

a)	Two factors determine the bandwidth of a channe...

b)	The product of the two factors is the number of bits per second (bps) of the channel

(No Subheadings)

c)	It is cheaper to use a serial channel because it requires fewer wires (parallel requires at least a wire per bit)

d)	Parallel is faster, given the same number of bits that may be transmitted, one after the other, per second

B.	Communications within a computer...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

3.	BUS channel:  Many parties share the same chann...

4.	Channel bandwidth:  The number of  bits per second (bps) that may be transmitted

b)	The product of the two factors is the number of...

c)	It is cheaper to use a serial channel because it requires fewer wires (parallel requires at least a wire per bit)

(No Subheadings)

d)	Parallel is faster, given the same number of bits that may be transmitted, one after the other, per second

B.	Communications within a computer...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

3.	BUS channel:  Many parties share the same chann...

4.	Channel bandwidth:  The number of  bits per second (bps) that may be transmitted

c)	It is cheaper to use a serial channel because i...

d)	Parallel is faster, given the same number of bits that may be transmitted, one after the other, per second

(No Subheadings)

B.	Communications within a computer...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

1.	The signal can be carried by:

2.	Point-to-point channel: Two parties own the channel

3.	BUS channel:  Many parties share the same channel

4.	Channel bandwidth:  The number of  bits per second (bps) that may be transmitted

B.	Communications within a computer...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

B.	Communications within a computer

4.	Each card listens for its address or range of a...

5.	When a card hears its own address it looks at the R/W bit of the CONTROL wires to see if it should:

a)	Read the data from the data wires (receive data)

b)	Write data onto the data wires (reply to the requester)

C.	Communications between a computer and a dedicat...


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a)	Read the data from the data wires (receive data)

b)	Write data onto the data wires (reply to the requester)


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two...

B.	Communications within a computer

1.	A BUS is used to communicate between the CPU, memory, and other cards on the bus (video card, disk controller card, serial card, sound card, modem card, etc.)

2.	The BUS channel is parallel with sets of wires for ADDRESS, DATA, and CONTROL bits

3.	The CPU is usually the only sender on the address and control wires

4.	Each card listens for its address or range of addresses

5.	When a card hears its own address it looks at the R/W bit of the CONTROL wires to see if it should:

C.	Communications between a computer and a dedicat...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two...

B.	Communications within a computer

3.	The CPU is usually the only sender on the addre...

4.	Each card listens for its address or range of addresses

(No Subheadings)

5.	When a card hears its own address it looks at the R/W bit of the CONTROL wires to see if it should:

C.	Communications between a computer and a dedicat...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

C.	Communications between a computer and a dedicated I/O device

2.	A point-to-point, parallel, simplex channel is ...

3.	A bus, parallel channel is used for disk or other high-speed devices

a)	Up to 7 devices may be connected together on one Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) bus.

D.	Communication among computers ...


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Up to 7 devices may be connected together on one Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) bus.


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

B.	Communications within a computer...

C.	Communications between a computer and a dedicated I/O device

1.	A point-to-point, serial, full duplex channel is often used for printers, external modems, etc. (RS-232)

2.	A point-to-point, parallel, simplex channel is sometimes used  (Centronics)

3.	A bus, parallel channel is used for disk or other high-speed devices

D.	Communication among computers ...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

B.	Communications within a computer...

C.	Communications between a computer and a dedicated I/O device

1.	A point-to-point, serial, full duplex channel i...

2.	A point-to-point, parallel, simplex channel is sometimes used  (Centronics)

(No Subheadings)

3.	A bus, parallel channel is used for disk or other high-speed devices

D.	Communication among computers ...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

1.	A Serial point-to-point channel is usually used between two computers that are more than a few feet apart

a)	Often the RS-232 standard is used with a null-modem cable

b)	The cable for the channel is cheaper because few wires are required for a serial channel

c)	A computer may instead be connected to a modem connected to a phone line that can then be dialed to another modem connected to another computer.  This establishes a long distance point-to-point serial channel.

d)	A modem converts a digital  voltage based signal into tones it sends, and receives tones, converting them into a digital voltage based signal

2.	A serial BUS may be used for several computers ...


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a)	Often the RS-232 standard is used with a null-modem cable

b)	The cable for the channel is cheaper because few wires are required for a serial channel

c)	A computer may instead be connected to a modem connected to a phone line that can then be dialed to another modem connected to another computer.  This establishes a long distance point-to-point serial channel.

d)	A modem converts a digital  voltage based signal into tones it sends, and receives tones, converting them into a digital voltage based signal


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

2.	A serial BUS may be used for several computers in a local geographic area

a)	Simple, because each computer is only responsible for itself

(1)	One or more computers may act as servers to the rest of the computers, but this is not a requirement of a bus network itself

b)	The message is sent in two parts, one after the...


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One or more computers may act as servers to the rest of the computers, but this is not a requirement of a bus network itself


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

2.	A serial BUS may be used for several computers in a local geographic area

c)	Each technology has a certain way the sender gains control of the bus

(1)	On Ethernet, you listen, and if you dont hear anything, you can start sending your message.

(a)	You also listen as you send, and if you dont hear what you are saying, you assume someone else started talking at the same time

(b)	If a collision occurs, you wait for a small randomly chosen amount of time and try again.  Its most likely you will not both wait for exactly the same amount of time and collide again.

(2)	On token based networks, a special message (of...


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(a)	You also listen as you send, and if you dont hear what you are saying, you assume someone else started talking at the same time

(b)	If a collision occurs, you wait for a small randomly chosen amount of time and try again.  Its most likely you will not both wait for exactly the same amount of time and collide again.


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

2.	A serial BUS may be used for several computers in a local geographic area

c)	Each technology has a certain way the sender gains control of the bus

(1)	On Ethernet, you listen, and if you don...

(2)	On token based networks, a special message (of which there is one copy) gives a computer the right to send

(a)	The token is always being passed around in round-robin fashion so all the computers have turns

(b)	If you need to send a message, you have to wait until you get the token

(c)	After sending the message, you continue passing the token.

(3)	In some types of bus networks, the sender is a...


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(a)	The token is always being passed around in round-robin fashion so all the computers have turns

(b)	If you need to send a message, you have to wait until you get the token

(c)	After sending the message, you continue passing the token.


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

2.	A serial BUS may be used for several computers in a local geographic area

b)	The message is sent in two parts, one after the...

c)	Each technology has a certain way the sender gains control of the bus

(1)	On Ethernet, you listen, and if you dont hear anything, you can start sending your message.

(2)	On token based networks, a special message (of which there is one copy) gives a computer the right to send

(3)	In some types of bus networks, the sender is allowed to wait for a reply (the receiver is immediately given exclusive use of the channel to send a reply without having to ask for the channel)

3.	...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

2.	A serial BUS may be used for several computers in a local geographic area

b)	The message is sent in two parts, one after the...

c)	Each technology has a certain way the sender gains control of the bus

(2)	On token based networks, a special message (of...

(3)	In some types of bus networks, the sender is allowed to wait for a reply (the receiver is immediately given exclusive use of the channel to send a reply without having to ask for the channel)

(No Subheadings)

3.	...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

1.	A Serial point-to-point channel is usually used...

2.	A serial BUS may be used for several computers in a local geographic area

a)	Simple, because each computer is only responsible for itself

b)	The message is sent in two parts, one after the other:  the address followed by the data

c)	Each technology has a certain way the sender gains control of the bus

3.	...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

1.	A Serial point-to-point channel is usually used...

2.	A serial BUS may be used for several computers in a local geographic area

a)	Simple, because each computer is only responsib...

b)	The message is sent in two parts, one after the other:  the address followed by the data

(No Subheadings)

c)	Each technology has a certain way the sender gains control of the bus

3.	...


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

3.	...

4.	Point-to-point channels may be used to connect local area buses

a)	A special purpose computer called a bridge listens for addresses that are not local and forwards them to another local bus.

5.	Point-to-point channels may be used to form a S...


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A special purpose computer called a bridge listens for addresses that are not local and forwards them to another local bus.


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

5.	Point-to-point channels may be used to form a STAR network, ring network, or other configurations (topologies)

b)	The STAR topology reduces complexity because on...

c)	There is a network technology that uses a ring topology with very high speed point-to-point serial simplex connections between the computers in a ring

(1)	Using the ring topology reduces the complexity: you simply copy, mark as received, and forward the messages addressed to you and simply forward the rest

(2)	If you get back a message you sent that has not been marked as received, you know that the addressed computer was not in the network

d)	Other topologies are more complicated to implem...


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(1)	Using the ring topology reduces the complexity: you simply copy, mark as received, and forward the messages addressed to you and simply forward the rest

(2)	If you get back a message you sent that has not been marked as received, you know that the addressed computer was not in the network


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

4.	Point-to-point channels may be used to connect ...

5.	Point-to-point channels may be used to form a STAR network, ring network, or other configurations (topologies)

a)	More complicated than a bus network, because computers must cooperate to forward messages to the correct party

b)	The STAR topology reduces complexity because only one computer must know how to forward messages

c)	There is a network technology that uses a ring topology with very high speed point-to-point serial simplex connections between the computers in a ring

d)	Other topologies are more complicated to implement, but may be justified by reducing the total cost of the channels.

XVI.	Computer Networks


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

4.	Point-to-point channels may be used to connect ...

5.	Point-to-point channels may be used to form a STAR network, ring network, or other configurations (topologies)

a)	More complicated than a bus network, because co...

b)	The STAR topology reduces complexity because only one computer must know how to forward messages

(No Subheadings)

c)	There is a network technology that uses a ring topology with very high speed point-to-point serial simplex connections between the computers in a ring

d)	Other topologies are more complicated to implement, but may be justified by reducing the total cost of the channels.

XVI.	Computer Networks


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

D.	Communication among computers

4.	Point-to-point channels may be used to connect ...

5.	Point-to-point channels may be used to form a STAR network, ring network, or other configurations (topologies)

c)	There is a network technology that uses a ring ...

d)	Other topologies are more complicated to implement, but may be justified by reducing the total cost of the channels.

(No Subheadings)

XVI.	Computer Networks


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

C.	Communications between a computer and a dedicat...

D.	Communication among computers

1.	A Serial point-to-point channel is usually used between two computers that are more than a few feet apart

2.	A serial BUS may be used for several computers in a local geographic area

3.	Special purpose computers can be built into printers, modems, and other devices to connect them to a bus network so they can be shared.  The special purpose computer will then listen to command messages sent to it and control the device as requested (e.g. print the text that was included in the message).

4.	Point-to-point channels may be used to connect local area buses

5.	Point-to-point channels may be used to form a STAR network, ring network, or other configurations (topologies)

XVI.	Computer Networks


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

C.	Communications between a computer and a dedicat...

D.	Communication among computers

2.	A serial BUS may be used for several computers ...

3.	Special purpose computers can be built into printers, modems, and other devices to connect them to a bus network so they can be shared.  The special purpose computer will then listen to command messages sent to it and control the device as requested (e.g. print the text that was included in the message).

(No Subheadings)

4.	Point-to-point channels may be used to connect local area buses

5.	Point-to-point channels may be used to form a STAR network, ring network, or other configurations (topologies)

XVI.	Computer Networks


Topic
XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

A.	A channel is used for communication between two or more parties

B.	Communications within a computer

C.	Communications between a computer and a dedicated I/O device

D.	Communication among computers

XVI.	Computer Networks


Topic
XVI.	Computer Networks

A.	A computer network is a collaboration of indepe...

B.	Used to share resource(s)

1.	Many users sharing mainframe computers using dumb terminals

2.	Many micro-computers sharing a common printer

3.	The resource being shared may be a common DATABASE or file system

C.	Used for electronic...


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1.	Many users sharing mainframe computers using dumb terminals

2.	Many micro-computers sharing a common printer

3.	The resource being shared may be a common DATABASE or file system


Topic
XVI.	Computer Networks

B.	Used to share resource(s)...

C.	Used for electronic

1.	Mail

2.	Meetings

3.	File distribution

D.	Communications service companies...


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1.	Mail

2.	Meetings

3.	File distribution


Topic
XVI.	Computer Networks

D.	Communications service companies

1.	Time-sharing (rare today)...

2.	Information retrieval

a)	Dow Jones

b)	The Source

c)	Prodigy

3.	Sharing of files among users of PCs...


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a)	Dow Jones

b)	The Source

c)	Prodigy


Topic
XVI.	Computer Networks

C.	Used for electronic...

D.	Communications service companies

1.	Time-sharing (rare today)

2.	Information retrieval

3.	Sharing of files among users of PCs

XVII.	Observations from videos


Topic
XVI.	Computer Networks

C.	Used for electronic...

D.	Communications service companies

1.	Time-sharing (rare today)

(No Subheadings)

2.	Information retrieval

3.	Sharing of files among users of PCs

XVII.	Observations from videos


Topic
XVI.	Computer Networks

C.	Used for electronic...

D.	Communications service companies

2.	Information retrieval...

3.	Sharing of files among users of PCs

(No Subheadings)

XVII.	Observations from videos


Topic
XVI.	Computer Networks

A.	A computer network is a collaboration of independent entities making effective use of data communications to accomplish tasks

B.	Used to share resource(s)

C.	Used for electronic

D.	Communications service companies

XVII.	Observations from videos


Topic
XVI.	Computer Networks

A.	A computer network is a collaboration of independent entities making effective use of data communications to accomplish tasks

(No Subheadings)

B.	Used to share resource(s)

C.	Used for electronic

D.	Communications service companies

XVII.	Observations from videos


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

A.	The rise of the use of mathematics to explain and predict the behavior of physical systems created the need for a lot of symbolic computation

1.	The term computer until the 1940s used to refer to a profession, not a machine

2.	Some parts of the computation process were automated, e.g. adding machine, tables of mathematical functions.

B.	Sorting and summarizing large amounts of symbol...


Popup
1.	The term computer until the 1940s used to refer to a profession, not a machine

2.	Some parts of the computation process were automated, e.g. adding machine, tables of mathematical functions.


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

A.	The rise of the use of mathematics to explain a...

B.	Sorting and summarizing large amounts of symbolic information was required in many contexts, such as the U.S. census

1.	Tabulating machines automated the process, but many manual steps were required

2.	Holes punched in cards were symbols that could cause an action to take place, such as incrementing the counter for the number of households with indoor plumbing

C.	A conceptual leap was made when it was realized...


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1.	Tabulating machines automated the process, but many manual steps were required

2.	Holes punched in cards were symbols that could cause an action to take place, such as incrementing the counter for the number of households with indoor plumbing


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

B.	Sorting and summarizing large amounts of symbol...

C.	A conceptual leap was made when it was realized that the holes in cards could just as well represent the instructions the machine should follow

1.	A computer program could be represented in the same manner as the data that the computer manipulated

2.	Representing a program and data in the same way opened the door to programs that could read a program written in one language as input and then translate it into machine language as output.  The new machine language program could then be execu

3.	The development of high-level languages in which the computer could be instructed opened the door to non-mathematicians writing computer instructions

D.	Recurring themes...


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1.	A computer program could be represented in the same manner as the data that the computer manipulated

2.	Representing a program and data in the same way opened the door to programs that could read a program written in one language as input and then translate it into machine language as output.  The new machine language program could then be execu

3.	The development of high-level languages in which the computer could be instructed opened the door to non-mathematicians writing computer instructions


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

D.	Recurring themes

1.	Large companies are typically the last to see the paradigm shifts

a)	IBM has survived despite this fact

2.	People have a fascination with computers...


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IBM has survived despite this fact


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

D.	Recurring themes

2.	People have a fascination with computers...

3.	The ability of computers to do symbolic processing to translate from one language to another allows them to act as their own interpreter when interacting with average people

a)	The latest language - one that is based on the way children learn - makes computers even more accessible

4.	In the past, development of computers occurred ...


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The latest language - one that is based on the way children learn - makes computers even more accessible


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

D.	Recurring themes

3.	The ability of computers to do symbolic process...

4.	In the past, development of computers occurred only when there was a strong motivating factor

a)	Ironically the biggest applications were the ones no one had thought of

5.	Computer speed and memory have grown at a dizzy...


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Ironically the biggest applications were the ones no one had thought of


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

D.	Recurring themes

5.	Computer speed and memory have grown at a dizzying rate, while software has lagged behind

a)	For many applications today, the software costs...

b)	Software is very hard to develop

(1)	Even though we use high-level languages, typical programs might have a million instructions, and if any one instruction were incorrect, the program could fail

(2)	There is no physical proximity of components to where the failure occurs

E.	Artificial Intelligence...


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(1)	Even though we use high-level languages, typical programs might have a million instructions, and if any one instruction were incorrect, the program could fail

(2)	There is no physical proximity of components to where the failure occurs


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

D.	Recurring themes

4.	In the past, development of computers occurred ...

5.	Computer speed and memory have grown at a dizzying rate, while software has lagged behind

a)	For many applications today, the software costs much more than the hardware

b)	Software is very hard to develop

E.	Artificial Intelligence...


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

D.	Recurring themes

4.	In the past, development of computers occurred ...

5.	Computer speed and memory have grown at a dizzying rate, while software has lagged behind

a)	For many applications today, the software costs much more than the hardware

(No Subheadings)

b)	Software is very hard to develop

E.	Artificial Intelligence...


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

C.	A conceptual leap was made when it was realized...

D.	Recurring themes

1.	Large companies are typically the last to see the paradigm shifts

2.	People have a fascination with computers

3.	The ability of computers to do symbolic processing to translate from one language to another allows them to act as their own interpreter when interacting with average people

4.	In the past, development of computers occurred only when there was a strong motivating factor

5.	Computer speed and memory have grown at a dizzying rate, while software has lagged behind

E.	Artificial Intelligence...


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

C.	A conceptual leap was made when it was realized...

D.	Recurring themes

1.	Large companies are typically the last to see t...

2.	People have a fascination with computers

(No Subheadings)

3.	The ability of computers to do symbolic processing to translate from one language to another allows them to act as their own interpreter when interacting with average people

4.	In the past, development of computers occurred only when there was a strong motivating factor

5.	Computer speed and memory have grown at a dizzying rate, while software has lagged behind

E.	Artificial Intelligence...


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

E.	Artificial Intelligence

1.	The computer is used for things that would normally require a person to think, or use intelligence.  Ironically, it has been found that:

a)	The things people think are hard, like doing calculus problems and offering expert advise in a specialized area are easy to do by computer

(1)	These kinds of tasks require only a few hundred rules at most

b)	The most difficult thing to do by computer is w...


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These kinds of tasks require only a few hundred rules at most


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

E.	Artificial Intelligence

1.	The computer is used for things that would normally require a person to think, or use intelligence.  Ironically, it has been found that:

a)	The things people think are hard, like doing ca...

b)	The most difficult thing to do by computer is what people do easily: understand and use human language

(1)	This requires general background knowledge that is too broad to code into a computer

F.	Communications and database technology...


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This requires general background knowledge that is too broad to code into a computer


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

E.	Artificial Intelligence

1.	The computer is used for things that would normally require a person to think, or use intelligence.  Ironically, it has been found that:

a)	The things people think are hard, like doing calculus problems and offering expert advise in a specialized area are easy to do by computer

b)	The most difficult thing to do by computer is what people do easily: understand and use human language

F.	Communications and database technology...


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

D.	Recurring themes...

E.	Artificial Intelligence

1.	The computer is used for things that would normally require a person to think, or use intelligence.  Ironically, it has been found that:

F.	Communications and database technology...


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

F.	Communications and database technology

1.	Communications make physical proximity unnecessary to a community, leading to positive changes for many people

a)	Disabled

b)	Very specialized hobbies and interests

c)	Tele-commuting to work

2.	Communications allow data to be passed among ma...


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a)	Disabled

b)	Very specialized hobbies and interests

c)	Tele-commuting to work


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

F.	Communications and database technology

1.	Communications make physical proximity unnecess...

2.	Communications allow data to be passed among many databases

a)	Good effects, such as finding fraud, making stock trades quickly, etc.

b)	Bad effects when mis-information is passed around

3.	With information passing around so quickly, the...


Popup
a)	Good effects, such as finding fraud, making stock trades quickly, etc.

b)	Bad effects when mis-information is passed around


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

F.	Communications and database technology

2.	Communications allow data to be passed among ma...

3.	With information passing around so quickly, there is a question regarding stability of the systems

a)	The Black Monday stock market crash is an example

XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor


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The Black Monday stock market crash is an example


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

E.	Artificial Intelligence...

F.	Communications and database technology

1.	Communications make physical proximity unnecessary to a community, leading to positive changes for many people

2.	Communications allow data to be passed among many databases

3.	With information passing around so quickly, there is a question regarding stability of the systems

XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor


Topic
XVII.	Observations from videos

A.	The rise of the use of mathematics to explain and predict the behavior of physical systems created the need for a lot of symbolic computation

B.	Sorting and summarizing large amounts of symbolic information was required in many contexts, such as the U.S. census

C.	A conceptual leap was made when it was realized that the holes in cards could just as well represent the instructions the machine should follow

D.	Recurring themes

E.	Artificial Intelligence

F.	Communications and database technology

XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

A.	In any endeavor, applications can be categorized

1.	Administration of the endeavor (paperwork)

2.	Sensing/Control of the endeavor

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of data associated with the endeavor

4.	Advise/Education on carrying out the endeavor

B.	Some applications may fall into more than one c...


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1.	Administration of the endeavor (paperwork)

2.	Sensing/Control of the endeavor

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of data associated with the endeavor

4.	Advise/Education on carrying out the endeavor


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

B.	Some applications may fall into more than one c...

C.	Why categorization is useful

1.	It can aid in finding applications and/or ideas in one endeavor that may be reused in another

2.	It can help you detect where computer technology is underutilized in your endeavor

D.	Health Care...


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1.	It can aid in finding applications and/or ideas in one endeavor that may be reused in another

2.	It can help you detect where computer technology is underutilized in your endeavor


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

D.	Health Care

1.	Administration

a)	Hospital Information Systems

b)	Patient Interviewing

2.	Sensing/Control...


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a)	Hospital Information Systems

b)	Patient Interviewing


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

D.	Health Care

1.	Administration...

2.	Sensing/Control

a)	Patient Monitoring

b)	Pharmacy

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts o...


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a)	Patient Monitoring

b)	Pharmacy


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

D.	Health Care

2.	Sensing/Control...

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts of data

a)	Computer Aided Tomography

b)	Statistical Analysis

c)	Simulation of heart function

4.	Advise/Education...


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a)	Computer Aided Tomography

b)	Statistical Analysis

c)	Simulation of heart function


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

D.	Health Care

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts o...

4.	Advise/Education

a)	Medical databases

b)	Diagnostic advise (expert) systems

E.	Education...


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a)	Medical databases

b)	Diagnostic advise (expert) systems


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

C.	Why categorization is useful...

D.	Health Care

1.	Administration

2.	Sensing/Control

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts of data

4.	Advise/Education

E.	Education...


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

E.	Education

1.	Administration

a)	Registration

b)	Grading/Computer Managed Instruction (CMI)

2.	Sensing/Control...


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a)	Registration

b)	Grading/Computer Managed Instruction (CMI)


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

E.	Education

1.	Administration...

2.	Sensing/Control

a)	Drill & Practice

b)	Tutorials

c)	Simulation

d)	Hypertext

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts o...


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a)	Drill & Practice

b)	Tutorials

c)	Simulation

d)	Hypertext


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

E.	Education

2.	Sensing/Control...

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts of data

a)	Statistical analysis of performance on test questions

4.	Advise/Education...


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Statistical analysis of performance on test questions


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

E.	Education

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts o...

4.	Advise/Education

a)	AI Expert system for diagnosing learning disabilities

F.	Art & Entertainment...


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AI Expert system for diagnosing learning disabilities


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

D.	Health Care...

E.	Education

1.	Administration

2.	Sensing/Control

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts of data

4.	Advise/Education

F.	Art & Entertainment...


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

F.	Art & Entertainment

1.	Administration

a)	Film pre-production planning

2.	Sensing/Control...


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Film pre-production planning


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

F.	Art & Entertainment

1.	Administration...

2.	Sensing/Control

a)	Film Editing

b)	Colorization

c)	Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts o...


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a)	Film Editing

b)	Colorization

c)	Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

F.	Art & Entertainment

2.	Sensing/Control...

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts of data

a)	Literary Research

4.	Advise/Education...


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Literary Research


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

F.	Art & Entertainment

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts o...

4.	Advise/Education

a)	Chord and interval drill and practice

b)	The electronic piano teacher

G.	Industry...


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a)	Chord and interval drill and practice

b)	The electronic piano teacher


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

E.	Education...

F.	Art & Entertainment

1.	Administration

2.	Sensing/Control

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts of data

4.	Advise/Education

G.	Industry...


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

G.	Industry

1.	Administration

a)	Management resource planning

2.	Sensing/Control...


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Management resource planning


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

G.	Industry

1.	Administration...

2.	Sensing/Control

a)	Silicon compiler

b)	Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

c)	Robots

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts o...


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a)	Silicon compiler

b)	Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

c)	Robots


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

G.	Industry

2.	Sensing/Control...

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts of data

a)	Computer Aided Design (CAD)

4.	Advise/Education...


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Computer Aided Design (CAD)


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

G.	Industry

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts o...

4.	Advise/Education

a)	Expert system for layout of factory

H.	Business & Finance...


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Expert system for layout of factory


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

F.	Art & Entertainment...

G.	Industry

1.	Administration

2.	Sensing/Control

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts of data

4.	Advise/Education

H.	Business & Finance...


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

H.	Business & Finance

1.	Administration

a)	Word Processing...

b)	Electronic Mail

(1)	FAX

(2)	Voice mail

(3)	Machine readable manuscripts

(4)	Mailbox/messages

(5)	Teleconference

(6)	Tele-commuting

c)	Payroll...


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(1)	FAX

(2)	Voice mail

(3)	Machine readable manuscripts

(4)	Mailbox/messages

(5)	Teleconference

(6)	Tele-commuting


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

H.	Business & Finance

1.	Administration

a)	Word Processing

b)	Electronic Mail

c)	Payroll

d)	Office Information Systems

2.	Sensing/Control...


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

H.	Business & Finance

1.	Administration

a)	Word Processing

(No Subheadings)

b)	Electronic Mail

c)	Payroll

d)	Office Information Systems

2.	Sensing/Control...


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

H.	Business & Finance

1.	Administration

b)	Electronic Mail...

c)	Payroll

(No Subheadings)

d)	Office Information Systems

2.	Sensing/Control...


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

H.	Business & Finance

1.	Administration

c)	Payroll...

d)	Office Information Systems

(No Subheadings)

2.	Sensing/Control...


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

H.	Business & Finance

2.	Sensing/Control

a)	Transaction Processing

(1)	Inventory control

(2)	Accounts receivable (billing)

(3)	Accounts payable (paying bills)

(4)	General Ledger

b)	Bar Code Readers...


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(1)	Inventory control

(2)	Accounts receivable (billing)

(3)	Accounts payable (paying bills)

(4)	General Ledger


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

H.	Business & Finance

2.	Sensing/Control

b)	Bar Code Readers...

c)	Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)

(1)	Smart Cards

d)	Program Trading...


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Smart Cards


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

H.	Business & Finance

1.	Administration...

2.	Sensing/Control

a)	Transaction Processing

b)	Bar Code Readers

c)	Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)

d)	Program Trading

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts o...


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

H.	Business & Finance

1.	Administration...

2.	Sensing/Control

a)	Transaction Processing...

b)	Bar Code Readers

(No Subheadings)

c)	Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)

d)	Program Trading

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts o...


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

H.	Business & Finance

1.	Administration...

2.	Sensing/Control

c)	Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)...

d)	Program Trading

(No Subheadings)

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts o...


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

H.	Business & Finance

2.	Sensing/Control...

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts of data

a)	Decision Support Systems

4.	Advise/Education...


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Decision Support Systems


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

H.	Business & Finance

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts o...

4.	Advise/Education

a)	Expert system to approve loan applications


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Expert system to approve loan applications


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

G.	Industry...

H.	Business & Finance

1.	Administration

2.	Sensing/Control

3.	Interpretation/Visualization of large amounts of data

4.	Advise/Education


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

A.	In any endeavor, applications can be categorized

B.	Some applications may fall into more than one category

C.	Why categorization is useful

D.	Health Care

E.	Education

F.	Art & Entertainment

G.	Industry

H.	Business & Finance


Topic
XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor

A.	In any endeavor, applications can be categorize...

B.	Some applications may fall into more than one category

(No Subheadings)

C.	Why categorization is useful

D.	Health Care

E.	Education

F.	Art & Entertainment

G.	Industry

H.	Business & Finance


Topic
Contents

I.	Overview

II.	Categories of Software

III.	Symbolic Representation

IV.	Internal Computer Representations

V.	Data Storage

VI.	Word Processing - the biggest general software task

VII.	Input/Output Devices

VIII.	Systems Software

IX.	General Software

X.	Spreadsheets

XI.	Presentation graphics

XII.	Algorithms

XIII.	Database Systems

XIV.	Applications software development

XV.	Communications within and between computers and I/O devices

XVI.	Computer Networks

XVII.	Observations from videos

XVIII.	Classification of applications within an endeavor


Topic